Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cadaver ; Dissection ; Education, Medical, Continuing ; Female ; Humans ; Injections, Intramuscular/methods* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Spasticity/drug therapy* ; Range of Motion, Articular/physiology ; Rotator Cuff/drug effects ; Rotator Cuff/physiopathology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Shoulder Joint/diagnostic imaging* ; Shoulder Joint/drug effects* ; Shoulder Joint/physiopathology ; Ultrasonography, Interventional
Keywords
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cadaver ; Dissection ; Education, Medical, Continuing ; Female ; Humans ; Injections, Intramuscular/methods* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Spasticity/drug therapy* ; Range of Motion, Articular/physiology ; Rotator Cuff/drug effects ; Rotator Cuff/physiopathology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Shoulder Joint/diagnostic imaging* ; Shoulder Joint/drug effects* ; Shoulder Joint/physiopathology ; Ultrasonography, Interventional
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and accuracy of ultrasound (US)-guided needle insertion into the subscapularis using fresh cadavers.
DESIGN: A needle was inserted into the subscapularis of adult human cadavers under US guidance using a lateral approach from the posterior axillary fold. An anatomist dissected the cadavers to evaluate the effectiveness of this injection method.
SETTING: University dissecting room.
PARTICIPANTS: Fresh cadavers (N=5).
INTERVENTIONS: US-guided dye injections targeting the motor points of the subscapularis.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Accuracy of the injections and prevalence of complications. The presence of dye within 1.0cm of the motor points was defined as reaching the target. The injection procedure was considered a success if two-thirds of the injected dye reached the target.
RESULTS: We did not identify any neurovascular structures at risk of injury in the injection route. All subscapularis muscles were injected successfully using the US-guided lateral approach.
CONCLUSIONS: US-guided needle insertion into the subscapularis using this lateral approach was accurate and had the minimal risk of neurovascular or lung injuries.