Development of a Korean version of the Frailty Model with a Holistic Perspective: A Delphi Study

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a Korean version of the frailty model that reflects a holistic perspective. There were three phases of the study: a literature review, a two-round Delphi study, and a public hearing. Methods: The model was developed based on the middle-range theory generation approach proposed by Roy. A literature search was conducted, and a review of 36 studies on frailty involving Koreans led to the development of an initial frailty model. A two-round Delphi study was then conducted with nine experts to evaluate the appropriateness of the model. The revised model was presented at a public hearing to achieve consensus. Based on feedback indicating the need for improved visualization, a finalized diagrammatic model was developed. Results: The final frailty model comprised four domains, seven subdomains, and 30 items. It included specific items reflecting the distinctive characteristics of Korean culture, such as relationships with adult children (filial piety), nutritional status (consumption of red meat), and type of residential building. Conclusion: The final frailty model provides a comprehensive perspective on the factors contributing to frailty, their interactions, and the potential interventions that healthcare providers can implement to prevent frailty. © 2025 Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.