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Anatomical and histological analyses of ankle plantar flexors: insights into connective tissue composition and muscle architecture

Authors
 In-Seung Yeo  ;  Miri Kim  ;  Hyung-Jin Lee 
Citation
 SURGICAL AND RADIOLOGIC ANATOMY, Vol.47(1) : 21, 2024-12 
Journal Title
SURGICAL AND RADIOLOGIC ANATOMY
ISSN
 0930-1038 
Issue Date
2024-12
MeSH
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Ankle / anatomy & histology ; Ankle / diagnostic imaging ; Ankle Joint / anatomy & histology ; Ankle Joint / diagnostic imaging ; Cadaver* ; Collagen / analysis ; Connective Tissue* / anatomy & histology ; Connective Tissue* / diagnostic imaging ; Elastic Tissue / anatomy & histology ; Female ; Foot / anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Skeletal* / anatomy & histology ; Muscle, Skeletal* / diagnostic imaging ; Ultrasonography
Keywords
Anatomy ; Ankle ; Ankle plantar flexors ; Flexor digitorum longus ; Flexor hallucis longus ; Muscle anatomy ; Plantar flexors ; Tibialis posterior ; Tibialis posterior dysfunction
Abstract
Purpose: The tibialis posterior (TP), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) are muscles that contribute to the stability of foot and ankle movements, playing a crucial role in achieving optimal gait. However, a comprehensive examination of the anatomical characteristics and histological variances of each muscle has not been conclusively established.

Methods: A total of 10 un-embalmed cadavers were dissected, and muscles from each cadaver were consistently harvested from the musculotendon junction. The ratio of collagen and elastic fibers was assessed through three immunohistological analyses, focusing on distinct histological characteristics in type I (slow twitch) and type II (fast twitch) fibers. Additionally, Ultrasonography was utilized to compare and analyze the thickness, fascicle angle, and muscle fiber length of each muscle.

Results: Concerning the relative proportion of elastic fibers to collagen, the TP exhibited the highest collagen content (21.9 ± 0.30%, mean ± standard deviation), while the FHL had the highest elastic fiber proportion (48.4 ± 0.44%). The TP predominantly comprised slow type muscle fibers (36.88 ± 0.83%), whereas the FHL contained a higher density of fast type muscle fibers (32.46 ± 4.02%). US analysis indicated that the thickness of the TP was relatively greater (2.0 ± 0.2 mm) compared to the FDL (1.2 ± 0.1 mm) and FHL (1.1 ± 0.1 mm). Additionally, the fascicle length was notably longer in the TP (25.6 ± 4.1 mm).

Conclusion: Our anatomical and histological findings indicate that the tibialis posterior (TP) is the thickest with a significant physiological angle and a high collagen content. This characteristic enables the TP to provide stability by transmitting a constant force to the calf. On the other hand, the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) exhibits the highest elastic fiber content, confirming its ability to exert instantaneous, swift, and powerful force.
Full Text
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00276-024-03523-6
DOI
10.1007/s00276-024-03523-6
Appears in Collections:
1. College of Medicine (의과대학) > Dept. of Radiology (영상의학교실) > 1. Journal Papers
Yonsei Authors
Rhee, Hyungjin(이형진) ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7759-4458
URI
https://ir.ymlib.yonsei.ac.kr/handle/22282913/202449
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