Association of Insulin Resistance with Lower Bone Volume and Strength Index of the Proximal Femur in Nondiabetic Postmenopausal Women

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fracture despite relatively preserved bone mineral density (BMD). Although this paradox might be attributed to the influence of insulin resistance (IR) on bone structure and material properties, the association of IR with femur bone geometry and strength indices remains unclear. Methods: Using data from the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center cohort study, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis among nondiabetic postmenopausal women. IR was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). Compartment-specific volumetric BMD (vBMD) and bone volume of proximal femur were measured using quantitative computed tomography. The compressive strength index (CSI), section modulus (Z), and buckling ratio of the femoral neck were calculated as bone strength indices. Results: Among 1,008 subjects (mean age, 57.3 years; body mass index [BMI], 23.6 kg/m(2)), BMI, waist circumference, and vBMD of the femoral neck and total hip increased in a linear trend from the lowest (<1.37) to highest (>/=2.27) HOMA-IR quartile (P<0.05 for all). The HOMA-IR showed an independent negative association with total bone volume (standardized beta=-0.12), cortical volume (beta=-0.05), CSI (beta=-0.013), and Z (beta=-0.017; P<0.05 for all) of the femoral neck after adjustment for age, weight, height, physical activity, and vitamin D and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. However, the association between HOMA-IR and vBMD was attenuated in the adjusted model (femoral neck, beta=0.94; P=0.548). Conclusions: Elevated HOMA-IR was associated with lower cortical bone volume and bone strength indices in nondiabetic postmenopausal women, independent of age and body size.