Calcium silicate cement with phosphate-based glass for enhanced osteogenic activity and mechanical strength

Abstract

Objectives To investigate the effects of incorporating a phosphate-based glass (PBG) into Endocem MTA, a calcium silicate cement (CSC) material, on its physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties. Materials and methods Physicochemical and mechanical properties, including setting time, compressive strength, X-ray diffraction (XRD), pH, and calcium and phosphorus ions release, were evaluated. Biological responses were assessed using pre-osteoblastic cells, including cell proliferation, osteogenic gene expression, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, and biomineralization (Alizarin Red S staining) for Endocem MTA with 1 or 3 wt% PBG. Results Incorporation of 3 wt% PBG into CSC (CSP3) resulted in an approximately 15% longer setting time (p < 0.01) and 51.3% less compressive strength after immersion in deionized water (p < 0.001). Brushite was detected in the CSP3 group due to the reaction between calcium and phosphate ions. All three groups maintained an alkaline environment. The CSP3 had significantly higher phosphate ion release (p < 0.001) but 1 wt% PBG into CSC (CSP1) had better cytocompatibility and enhanced osteogenic differentiation, as evidenced by the upregulation of osteogenic markers, increased ALP activity, and greater calcium deposition compared with the CSC group (p < 0.01). Conclusion Incorporation of 1 wt% PBG into a CSC product enhanced osteogenic activity without significantly compromising its physicochemical and mechanical properties. Clinical relevance The addition of 1 wt% PBG into Endocem MTA may improve osteogenic potential without compromising handling or mechanical performance, supporting its clinical application in endodontic treatments.