Global, regional, and national burden of headache disorders, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: A Global Burden of Disease study 2021

Wijeratne, Tissa; Oh, Jiyeon; Kim, Soeun; Yim, Yesol; Kim, Min Seo; Shin, Jae Il; Oh, Yun-Seo; Jung, Raon; Kim, Yun Seo; Smith, Lee; Aalruz, Hasan; Abd-Rabu, Rami; Abdulah, Deldar Morad; Aboagye, Richard Gyan; Abolmaali, Meysam; Abtahi, Dariush; Abualhasan, Ahmed; Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Afrashteh, Fatemeh; Aggarwal, Navidha; Ahmad, Danish; Ahmadi, Ali; Ahmadi, Negar Sadat; Ahmadzade, Amir Mahmoud; Ahmed, Syed Anees; Al Awaidy, Salah; Alabbad, Sawsan; Alajlani, Muaaz M.; Al-Ajlouni, Yazan; Ali, Mohammed Usman; Ali, Syed Shujait; Ali, Waad; Almazan, Joseph Uy; Alshahrani, Najim Z.; Altaf, Awais; Al-Wardat, Mohammad; Alzoubi, Karem H.; Amiri, Sohrab; Amu, Hubert; Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi; Anderson, David B.; Anwar, Saleha; Areda, Demelash; Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad; Ashina, Sait; Ashraf, Javed; Ashraf, Tahira; Azargoonjahromi, Ali; Bahurupi, Yogesh; Baig, Atif Amin; Bandyopadhyay, Soham; Bardhan, Mainak; Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat; Bashiri, Azadeh; Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi; Bemanalizadeh, Maryam; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Berhie, Alemshet Yirga Yirga; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhaskar, Sonu; Bhat, Vivek; Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur; Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh; Bilgin, Cem; Biswas, Atanu; Bizzozero-Peroni, Bruno; Bustanji, Yasser; Camera, Luis Alberto; Caronna, Edoardo; Carvalho, Andre F.; Chakraborty, Sandip; Ching, Patrick R.; Christodoulou, Nikos; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chu, Hongyuan; Cruz-Martins, Natalia; Dadras, Omid; Dai, Xiaochen; D&apos;Amico, Emanuele; Darwish, Amira Hamed; Deekonda, Sindhura; Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dima, Adriana; Dinkayehu, Temesgien Ergetie; Do, Huyen; Doku, Paul Narh; Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai; E&apos;mar, Abdel Rahman; Eissazade, Negin; Eltaha, Chadi; Fahim, Ayesha; Fares, Jawad; Kouhanjani, Mohsen Farjoud; Faro, Andre; Fazeli, Patrick; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Ferrara, Pietro; Ferreira, Nuno; Fischer, Florian; Fornari, Arianna; Gajdacs, Mario; Gebregergis, Miglas Welay; Ghadimi, Delaram J.; Jolfayi, Amir Ghaffari; Gnedovskaya, Elena V.; Golechha, Mahaveer; Figueroa, Enrique Gomez; Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem; Hasnain, Md Saquib; Hassan, Amr; Hassan, Nageeb; Tabatabaei, Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh; Hegazy, Mohamed I.; Heidari, Golnaz; Helfer, Bartosz; Hossain, Md Mahbub; Househ, Mowafa; Hu, Chengxi; Iavicoli, Ivo; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilyas, Muhana Fawwazy; Ilyasu, Salim; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Jafari-Khounigh, Ali; Jahrami, Haitham; Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar; Jayasinghe, Ruwan Duminda; Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh; Jonas, Jost B.; Joseph, Nitin; Kalani, Rizwan; Khan, Moien A. B.; Khateri, Sorour; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Kashani, Hamid Reza Khayat; Khidri, Feriha Fatima; Khormali, Moein; Khosravi, Sepehr; Kim, Yun Jin; Kompani, Farzad; Kostev, Karel; Krishan, Kewal; Krishnan, Bindu; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Kuddus, Mohammed; Kulimbet, Mukhtar; Kumar, Rakesh; Kumar, Vijay; Kyto, Ville; Lasrado, Savita; Lee, Seung Won; Lenzi, Jacopo; Leonardi, Matilde; Lucchetti, Giancarlo; Lugo, Alessandra; Makhdoom, Irsa Fatima; Mallahzadeh, Arashk; Mansouri, Vahid; Marzo, Roy Rillera; Mathangasinghe, Yasith; Mayeli, Mahsa; Mehmood, Asim; Meretoja, Atte; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mettananda, Sachith; Minervini, Giuseppe; Mishra, Archana; Mithra, Prasanna; Ahmed, Khabab Abbasher Hussien Mohamed; Mohammadzadeh, Ibrahim; Mohammed, Shafiu; Monasta, Lorenzo; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Nabavi, Amin; Natto, Zuhair S.; Nauman, Javaid; Nieddu, Luciano; Nugen, Fred; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Oliveira, Arao Belitardo; Oliveira, Welber Sousa; Omar, Hany A.; Omer, Goran Latif; Otstavnov, Nikita; Mahesh, P. A.; Panos, Leonidas D.; Parikh, Romil R.; Patil, Shankargouda; Patra, Apurba; Pedersini, Paolo; Pensato, Umberto; Peprah, Prince; Peres, Mario F. P.; Piradov, Michael A.; Pozo-Rosich, Patricia; Pradhan, Jalandhar; Prakash, Sanjay; Prashant, Akila; Puvvula, Jagadeesh; Rafiei, Alireza; Raggi, Alberto; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed; Rathish, Devarajan; Rautalin, Ilari; Rawaf, Salman; Rezaeian, Mohsen; Eidgahi, Donya Rezazadeh; Rhee, Taeho Gregory; Roy, Priyanka; Eddin, Adnan Saad; Sabet, Cameron John; Saddik, Basema Ahmad; Sadeghi, Erfan; Saeed, Umar; Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb; Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb; Sahoo, Pragyan Monalisa; Salimi, Sohrab; Samy, Abdallah M.; Saulam, Jennifer; Sawhney, Monika; Senol, Yigit Can; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sethi, Yashendra; Seyedmirzaei, Homa; Shafie, Mahan; Shamsi, Anas; Sharifan, Amin; Shehata, Hatem Samir; Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer; Shokraneh, Farhad; Sidhu, Jaspreet Kaur; Singh, Baljinder; Singh, Harmanjit; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Surjit; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Sobia, Farrukh; Srichawla, Bahadar S.; Suresh, Vinay; Swain, Chandan Kumar; Sudha, Sree T. Y.; Damavandi, Payam Tabaee; Tabche, Celine; Tabish, Mohammad; Tanwar, Manoj; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Teramoto, Masayuki; Nghia Minh Tran; Thang Huu Tran; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Udoakang, Aniefiok John; Usman, Jibrin Sammani; Uzuncibuk, Hande; Van den Eynde, Jef; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Villafane, Jorge Hugo; Wang, Lintao; Wang, Xingxin; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Wiangkham, Taweewat; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia; Wollie, Alemayehu Molla; Xiao, Zheman; Yismaw, Yazachew Engida Engida; Yousuf, Abdilahi; Zhao, Zhongyi; Zielinska, Magdalena; Chu, Min Kyung; Song, Tae-Jin; Yon, Dong Keon; Feigin, Valery L.

doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102348

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Global, regional, and national burden of headache disorders, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: A Global Burden of Disease study 2021

Authors: Wijeratne, Tissa ; Oh, Jiyeon ; Kim, Soeun ; Yim, Yesol ; Kim, Min Seo ; Shin, Jae Il ; Oh, Yun-Seo ; Jung, Raon ; Kim, Yun Seo ; Smith, Lee ; Aalruz, Hasan ; Abd-Rabu, Rami ; Abdulah, Deldar Morad ; Aboagye, Richard Gyan ; Abolmaali, Meysam ; Abtahi, Dariush ; Abualhasan, Ahmed ; Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji ; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah ; Afrashteh, Fatemeh ; Aggarwal, Navidha ; Ahmad, Danish ; Ahmadi, Ali ; Ahmadi, Negar Sadat ; Ahmadzade, Amir Mahmoud ; Ahmed, Syed Anees ; Al Awaidy, Salah ; Alabbad, Sawsan ; Alajlani, Muaaz M. ; Al-Ajlouni, Yazan ; Ali, Mohammed Usman ; Ali, Syed Shujait ; Ali, Waad ; Almazan, Joseph Uy ; Alshahrani, Najim Z. ; Altaf, Awais ; Al-Wardat, Mohammad ; Alzoubi, Karem H. ; Amiri, Sohrab ; Amu, Hubert ; Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi ; Anderson, David B. ; Anwar, Saleha ; Areda, Demelash ; Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad ; Ashina, Sait ; Ashraf, Javed ; Ashraf, Tahira ; Azargoonjahromi, Ali ; Bahurupi, Yogesh ; Baig, Atif Amin ; Bandyopadhyay, Soham ; Bardhan, Mainak ; Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat ; Bashiri, Azadeh ; Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi ; Bemanalizadeh, Maryam ; Bensenor, Isabela M. ; Berhie, Alemshet Yirga Yirga ; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth ; Bhaskar, Sonu ; Bhat, Vivek ; Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur ; Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh ; Bilgin, Cem ; Biswas, Atanu ; Bizzozero-Peroni, Bruno ; Bustanji, Yasser ; Camera, Luis Alberto ; Caronna, Edoardo ; Carvalho, Andre F. ; Chakraborty, Sandip ; Ching, Patrick R. ; Christodoulou, Nikos ; Chu, Dinh-Toi ; Chu, Hongyuan ; Cruz-Martins, Natalia ; Dadras, Omid ; Dai, Xiaochen ; D'Amico, Emanuele ; Darwish, Amira Hamed ; Deekonda, Sindhura ; Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan ; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda ; Dima, Adriana ; Dinkayehu, Temesgien Ergetie ; Do, Huyen ; Doku, Paul Narh ; Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai ; E'mar, Abdel Rahman ; Eissazade, Negin ; Eltaha, Chadi ; Fahim, Ayesha ; Fares, Jawad ; Kouhanjani, Mohsen Farjoud ; Faro, Andre ; Fazeli, Patrick ; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad ; Ferrara, Pietro ; Ferreira, Nuno ; Fischer, Florian ; Fornari, Arianna ; Gajdacs, Mario ; Gebregergis, Miglas Welay ; Ghadimi, Delaram J. ; Jolfayi, Amir Ghaffari ; Gnedovskaya, Elena V. ; Golechha, Mahaveer ; Figueroa, Enrique Gomez ; Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem ; Hasnain, Md Saquib ; Hassan, Amr ; Hassan, Nageeb ; Tabatabaei, Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh ; Hegazy, Mohamed I. ; Heidari, Golnaz ; Helfer, Bartosz ; Hossain, Md Mahbub ; Househ, Mowafa ; Hu, Chengxi ; Iavicoli, Ivo ; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen ; Ilic, Irena M. ; Ilyas, Muhana Fawwazy ; Ilyasu, Salim ; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah ; Jafari-Khounigh, Ali ; Jahrami, Haitham ; Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar ; Jayasinghe, Ruwan Duminda ; Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh ; Jonas, Jost B. ; Joseph, Nitin ; Kalani, Rizwan ; Khan, Moien A. B. ; Khateri, Sorour ; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli ; Kashani, Hamid Reza Khayat ; Khidri, Feriha Fatima ; Khormali, Moein ; Khosravi, Sepehr ; Kim, Yun Jin ; Kompani, Farzad ; Kostev, Karel ; Krishan, Kewal ; Krishnan, Bindu ; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate ; Kuddus, Mohammed ; Kulimbet, Mukhtar ; Kumar, Rakesh ; Kumar, Vijay ; Kyto, Ville ; Lasrado, Savita ; Lee, Seung Won ; Lenzi, Jacopo ; Leonardi, Matilde ; Lucchetti, Giancarlo ; Lugo, Alessandra ; Makhdoom, Irsa Fatima ; Mallahzadeh, Arashk ; Mansouri, Vahid ; Marzo, Roy Rillera ; Mathangasinghe, Yasith ; Mayeli, Mahsa ; Mehmood, Asim ; Meretoja, Atte ; Mestrovic, Tomislav ; Mettananda, Sachith ; Minervini, Giuseppe ; Mishra, Archana ; Mithra, Prasanna ; Ahmed, Khabab Abbasher Hussien Mohamed ; Mohammadzadeh, Ibrahim ; Mohammed, Shafiu ; Monasta, Lorenzo ; Morrison, Shane Douglas ; Nabavi, Amin ; Natto, Zuhair S. ; Nauman, Javaid ; Nieddu, Luciano ; Nugen, Fred ; Olagunju, Andrew T. ; Oliveira, Arao Belitardo ; Oliveira, Welber Sousa ; Omar, Hany A. ; Omer, Goran Latif ; Otstavnov, Nikita ; Mahesh, P. A. ; Panos, Leonidas D. ; Parikh, Romil R. ; Patil, Shankargouda ; Patra, Apurba ; Pedersini, Paolo ; Pensato, Umberto ; Peprah, Prince ; Peres, Mario F. P. ; Piradov, Michael A. ; Pozo-Rosich, Patricia ; Pradhan, Jalandhar ; Prakash, Sanjay ; Prashant, Akila ; Puvvula, Jagadeesh ; Rafiei, Alireza ; Raggi, Alberto ; Rahmani, Amir Masoud ; Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed ; Rathish, Devarajan ; Rautalin, Ilari ; Rawaf, Salman ; Rezaeian, Mohsen ; Eidgahi, Donya Rezazadeh ; Rhee, Taeho Gregory ; Roy, Priyanka ; Eddin, Adnan Saad ; Sabet, Cameron John ; Saddik, Basema Ahmad ; Sadeghi, Erfan ; Saeed, Umar ; Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb ; Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb ; Sahoo, Pragyan Monalisa ; Salimi, Sohrab ; Samy, Abdallah M. ; Saulam, Jennifer ; Sawhney, Monika ; Senol, Yigit Can ; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian ; Sethi, Yashendra ; Seyedmirzaei, Homa ; Shafie, Mahan ; Shamsi, Anas ; Sharifan, Amin ; Shehata, Hatem Samir ; Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer ; Shokraneh, Farhad ; Sidhu, Jaspreet Kaur ; Singh, Baljinder ; Singh, Harmanjit ; Singh, Jasvinder A. ; Singh, Surjit ; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna ; Sobia, Farrukh ; Srichawla, Bahadar S. ; Suresh, Vinay ; Swain, Chandan Kumar ; Sudha, Sree T. Y. ; Damavandi, Payam Tabaee ; Tabche, Celine ; Tabish, Mohammad ; Tanwar, Manoj ; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani ; Teramoto, Masayuki ; Nghia Minh Tran ; Thang Huu Tran ; Tsatsakis, Aristidis ; Udoakang, Aniefiok John ; Usman, Jibrin Sammani ; Uzuncibuk, Hande ; Van den Eynde, Jef ; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani ; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy ; Villafane, Jorge Hugo ; Wang, Lintao ; Wang, Xingxin ; Wang, Yuan-Pang ; Wiangkham, Taweewat ; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia ; Wollie, Alemayehu Molla ; Xiao, Zheman ; Yismaw, Yazachew Engida Engida ; Yousuf, Abdilahi ; Zhao, Zhongyi ; Zielinska, Magdalena ; Chu, Min Kyung ; Song, Tae-Jin ; Yon, Dong Keon ; Feigin, Valery L.

Citation: CELL REPORTS MEDICINE, Vol.6(10), 2025-10

Article Number: 102348

Journal Title: CELL REPORTS MEDICINE

Issue Date: 2025-10

MeSH: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Cost of Illness ; Female ; Forecasting ; Global Burden of Disease* / trends ; Global Health ; Headache Disorders* / epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Migraine Disorders / epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult

Keywords: disability-adjusted life years ; Global Burden of Disease ; headache disorders ; migraine ; tension-type headache

Abstract: Headache disorders, especially migraines and tension-type headaches (TTHs), are major global public health concerns, as shown by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. We provide updated global estimates of prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories and forecasts through 2050. In 2021, there are 2.0 billion people with TTH and 1.2 billion with migraine. Although TTH is more prevalent, migraine causes higher disability. While crude prevalence and YLDs increased, age-standardized rates remained stable and are projected to continue this trend due to population growth. There is a disproportionately higher burden in women aged 30-44 and countries with higher Socio-demographic Index and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Despite this, migraines remain underrecognized in health policies and funding. This study emphasizes the urgent need to prioritize headache disorders in global health agendas.