COVID-19 Mortality and Severity in Cancer Patients and Cancer Survivors

Abstract

Background: We aimed to investigate mortality, severity, and risk of hospitalization in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with cancer.

Methods: Data of all patients aged 40-79 years from the Korean Disease Control and Prevention Agency-COVID19-National Health Insurance Service who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between January 1, 2020 and March 31, 2022, in Korea were included. After 1:1 propensity score matching, 397,050 patients with cancer and 397,050 patients without cancer were enrolled in the main analysis. A cancer survivor was defined as a patient who had survived 5 or more years since the diagnosis of cancer. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to compare the risk of COVID-19 according to the diagnosis of cancer and time since diagnosis.

Results: Cancer, old age, male sex, incomplete vaccination against COVID-19, lower economic status, and a higher Charlson comorbidity index were associated with an increased risk of hospitalization, hospitalization with severe state, and death. Compared to patients without cancer, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for hospitalization, hospitalization with severe state, and death in patients with cancer were 1.09 (1.08-1.11), 1.17 (1.11-1.24), and 1.94 (1.84-2.05), respectively. Compared to patients without cancer, the ORs (95% CIs) for hospitalization in cancer survivors, patients with cancer diagnosed 2-5 years, 1-2 years, and < 1 year ago were 0.96 (0.94-0.98), 1.10 (1.07-1.13), 1.30 (1.25-1.34), and 1.82 (1.77-1.87), respectively; the ORs (95% CIs) for hospitalization for severe disease among these patients were 0.90 (0.85-0.97), 1.22 (1.12-1.32), 1.60 (1.43-1.79), and 2.29 (2.09-2.50), respectively.

Conclusion: The risks of death, severe state, and hospitalization due to COVID-19 were higher in patients with cancer than in those without; the more recent the diagnosis, the higher the aforementioned risks. Cancer survivors had a lower risk of hospitalization and hospitalization with severe disease than those without cancer.