Biomarkers for phenotype-endotype relationship in atopic dermatitis: a critical review

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common form of chronic skin in fl ammation with diverse clinical variants. Historically, various AD phenotypes have been grouped together without considering their heterogeneity. This approach has resulted in a lack of phenotype- and endotype-adapted therapeutic strategies. Comprehensive insights into AD pathogenesis have enabled precise medicinal approach for AD. These efforts aimed to rede fi ne the endophenotype of AD and develop various biomarkers for diverse purposes. Among these endeavours, efforts are underway to elucidate the mechanisms (and related biomarkers) that lead to the emergence and progression of atopic diseases originating from AD (e.g., atopic march). This review focuses on diverse AD phenotypes and calls for a de fi nition of endophenotypes. While awaiting scienti fi c validation, these biomarkers ensure predicting disease onset and trajectory and tailoring therapeutic strategies for the future.