Albumin, filamin-A and cytokeratin 19 help distinguish intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from extrahepatic adenocarcinoma

Abstract

Background The differential diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCAs) from metastatic adenocarcinomas from organs adjacent to the liver (gallbladder, pancreas, and stomach) is difficult due to histopathological similarity and a lack of specific markers. This study aimed to develop a method to differentiate iCCA and adenocarcinomas originated from extrahepatic organs adjacent to the liver. Methods We retrospectively enrolled surgically resected iCCA (n = 181) and adenocarcinomas from extrahepatic organs (n = 30, n = 28, and n = 38 from gallbladder, pancreas, and stomach, respectively) between 2007 and 2013. The albumin mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of filamin-A and cytokeratin 19 (CK19) were performed using tissue microarray. Using logistic regression analysis of three markers, iCCA-score was developed, and its diagnostic performance was evaluated. Results The iCCAs were more frequently positive for albumin ISH (23.2% vs. 0%), filamin-A IHC (47.5% vs. 12.5%) and CK19 (68.5% vs. 40.6%) than extrahepatic adenocarcinomas (p < 0.001 for all). The iCCA-score consisting of these three markers was developed, and it showed higher diagnostic performance (area under the curve [AUC], 0.798 vs. 0.616, p < 0.001). Taking an iCCA-score of 2 or higher as the threshold for iCCA, the sensitivity was substantially higher than albumin ISH alone (45.9% and 23.2%, respectively; p < 0.001), but maintained high specificity (94.8% and 100%, respectively). Conclusion Albumin ISH and IHC staining for filamin-A and CK19 showed distinct expression patterns between iCCA and extrahepatic adenocarcinomas from gallbladder, pancreas, and stomach. We developed iCCA-score that consisted of those three markers, and it showed better diagnostic performance than albumin ISH alone.