Treatment of germ cell tumors in the pineal region

Abstract

The authors retrospectively analyzed 107 patients with primary intracranial germ cell tumor (GCT), who were treated at the Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei Medical Center between January 1986 and January 1996. The incidence of GCT was 2.8% in pediatric patients with intracranial tumor. Of the 107 tumors, 60 were located in the pineal region, 30 in the suprasellar region, 16 in basal ganglia or the thalamic region, and 1 in the posterior fossa. The 60 pineal GCT consisted of 39 germinomas (29 pure germinomas, 6 germinomas with STGC, 4 germinomas mixed with teratoma), 5 mature teratomas, and 16 nongerminomatous GCT. Thirty patients underwent surgery: their operations took the form of total resection in 14 cases, subtotal resection in 10, and biopsy in 6. Thirty patients (27 with germinomas, 3 with endodermal sinus tumors) were managed without surgery on the basis of radiological findings and tumor markers. The 5-year survival was 91% for 39 patients with germinomas, 80% for 5 with mature teratomas, and 49% for 16 with nongerminomatous GCT. Univariate analysis of prognostic factors with the Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that histological tumor type, radiological findings, results of tumor marker studies, and response to trial radiation or chemotherapy were highly correlated with outcome. Chemotherapy was beneficial as the method of trial treatment in pineal GCT and treatment in recurrent tumors. The administration of trial chemotherapy or radiotherapy without tissue biopsy is well justified as a treatment modality in pineal GCT suspected on the basis of radiological findings and tumor marker studies. Aggressive multimodality approaches with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are necessary to improve the outcome in these tumors. We propose new protocol for treatment of germ cell tumors in the pineal region, which is based on a minimally invasive approach.