Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Activation of Early Growth Response-1 and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental and food contaminants with known or suspected carcinogenic properties. In this study, we have evaluated whether PAHs activate the early growth response (EGR-1) gene and bind to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and delta (PPARβ/δ) in cell culture systems. Luciferase reporter systems were employed and several PAHs were evaluated for their ability to activate EGR-1 and PPARs. Some PAHs enhanced EGR-1 expression and activated PPARα and PPARβ. Among them, benz(a)anthracene was found to act as a relatively potent activator of PPARα and PPARβ/δ, and to significantly enhance EGR-1 transcription. These in vitro assays were confirmed by Western blot analysis, using cell lysates of tissue samples from mouse trapped at a highly contaminated Superfund site in the Chattanooga Creek floodplain in Chattanooga, Tennessee. We have found that a PPAR target gene, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), was down-regulated and EGR-1 was up-regulated in the mouse samples of Chattanooga Creek. In addition, select PAHs repressed GSK-3β and induced CYP4A in FaO rat hepatoma cells. In conclusion, PAHs activate PPARα and PPARβ/δ, and up-regulate EGR-1 expression in vitro as well as in vivo. These data may provide a diversity of PAH activity in several biological pathways.