대기 부유분진중 nitroarenes 오염도와 그 돌연변이원성에 관한 조사 연구 : 서울시 일부지역을 중심으로

Abstract

[한글]

난방 및 교통기관의 증가로 인한 대기오염은 날로 악화되고 있다. 이 중 부유분진 내의 nitroarenes는 PAH에 하나 혹은 그 이상의 nitrorl가 탄소고리의 전자중 일부분에 공유결합에 의해 치환되어 있는 돌연변이원성물질로, 발암성이 의심되어 관심의 대상이 되고

있다.

이 연구의 1987년 7월부터 1988년 5월까지 서울시의 신촌지역 및 불광지역을 대상으로 high volume cascade impactor air sampler로 대기중 부유분진을 포집하였다. 포집된 부유분진으로부터 유기물질을 추출하였고, 액성에 따라 액상추출법에 의해 분획화하였다.

이에서 얻은 중성분획으로부터 TLC에 의해 POC^^N 분획을 분리 했으며, capillary GC-FID를 사용하여 nitroarenes 6종을 내부표준물질 첨가법에 의해 동정 및 정량하였다. 또한 P

OC^^N 분획의 돌연변이원성을 Ames가 제시한 방법으로 측정하였다.

이 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.

첫째, 조사기간중 교통기관이 주오염원으로예상되는 신촌지역에서 1-nitropyrene이, 가정난방이 주오염원으로 예상되는 불광지역에서는 2,7-dinotro-9-fluorenone이 가장 높아 지역별로 nitroarenes의 유의한 차이가 있음을 보였다. (P<0.01).

둘째, 총 nitroarenes는 미세입자가 67.26 ng/m**3 조대입자가 52.30 ng/m**3으로 미세입자가 조대입자에 비해 약 1.3배 높아 인체의 폐침착률이 상대적으로 높은 미세입자중에 nitroarenes가 많이 포함되어 있었다.

셋째, 연중 nitroarenes의 요염도는 신촌의 경우 난방기인 11월, 1월, 3월이 157.68 ng/m**3 비난방기인 5월, 7월, 9월이 80.39 ng/m**3으로 약 2.2 정도 높아 난방 및 연료 사용의 증가가 nitroarenes 오염에 많은 영향을 미쳤으며, 불광지역에서도 동일한 결과였다.

넷째, POC^^N 분획의 돌연변이원성에서는 미세입자가 조대입자에 비하여 전체적으로 높았으며, 신촌지역이 322.8 rev/250㎍/plate로 불광지역의 286.8 rev/250㎍/plate에 비하여 미세입자의 indirect acting mutagenicity는 1.1배 높았다. 또한 direct acting mutag

enicity도 신촌지역이 불광지역에 비하여 조대입자에서 1.6배, 미세입자에서 1.3배가 높았다.

다섯째, POC^^N 분획의 월별 돌연변이원성은 신촌지역에서 난방기가 2425 rev/250㎍/plate로, 비난방기의 1402 rev/250㎍/plate에 비하여 1.7배 높았으며, 불광지역은 1812 rev/250㎍/plate, 1544 rev/250㎍/plate로 1.2배 높아 nitroarenes 오염도의 경향과 같았다.

이와같이 배출원, 계절 및 분진입자크기에 따라 nitroarenes의 오염도에 차이를 보였으므로, 현재까지 알려진 수 백종에 달하는 nitroarenes의 계속적이 연구에 의해 정확한 배출원이 밝혀져 적절한 배출원 관리가 이루어져야 하겠다. 또한 이들물질의 인체 위해성

평가(risk assessment)에 따른 대기중 nitroarenes의 관리대책 마련이 중요할 것으로 생각되며, 우선적으로 선행되어야 할 것은 청정 연료의 사용 및 대체 에너지의 개발 및 보급이 필수적인 과제라 하겠다.

Atmospheric Concentration and Mutagenicity of Nitroarenes of Suspended Particulate

in Seoul

Seong Joon, Jo

Dept. of Envirinmental Science

Graduate Schoolk of Health Science and Management Yonsei University

(Directed by Professor Donghunm Shin, M.D., Ph.D.)

Nitroarenes are ubiquitous environmental pollutions displaying potent

mutagenicity in bacteria and cacinogenicity in mammalians.

In this study, the concentration of nitroarenes in coarse and fine particles and

mutagenicity of POC^^N fraction was investigated in suspended particulate at

Shinchon and Bulkwang area of Seoul.

The suspended particulates were collected bimonthly by a high volume cascade

impactor air sampler from July 1987 to May 1988. Extractable organic matter (EOM)

in suspended particulates were extract by diethly ether/cyclohexane (8/2, V/V).

Neutral fraction was obtained by liquid-liquid extraction. Polar neutral oranic

compounds (POC^^N) was fractioated by thin-layer chromatography.

Finally, concentration of nitroarenes in POC^^N fraction were measured and

determined by capillary gas chromatography. Direct and indirect mutahenicity of

POC^^N fraction were measured using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98.

The result were as follows:

1) Major nitroarenes at Shinchon area was 1-nitropyrene and at Bulkwang area was

2,7-dinitro-9-fluorenone during the year.

2) Average concentration of total nitroarenes measured was 67.26 ng/m**3 in fine

particles which was 1.3 folds higher that in coarse particle (52.30 ng/m**3).

3) Annual pattern of nitroarenes concentration revealed that concertration in

heating season (Feb., Jan., Mar.) was 2.2 folds higher than that in non heating

season (May, Jul., Sep). Concentration of each season has 157.68 ng/m**3 and 80.93

ng/m**3.

4) The mutagenic activity of POC^^N fraction from fine particles was higher

compare to that of coare particles and was increased when metabolically activated

which S^^9 mixture Mutagenicities, metabolically activated, were significantly

different between Shinchon and Bulkwang area, 322.8 ren/250㎍/plate and 286.8

rev/250㎍/plate, respectively.

5) Annual pattern of mutagenicity of POC^^N fraction revealed that, mutagenicity

of heating season was 1.7 folds higher at Shinchon area and 1.2 fold higher at

Bulkwang than those of non heating season.

The variable contents and levels of nirtroarenes in suspendede particulates may

affect to human health significantly. Further studies such as risk assessment

should be conducted on the basis of this kind of studies.

[영문]

Nitroarenes are ubiquitous environmental pollutions displaying potent mutagenicity in bacteria and cacinogenicity in mammalians.

In this study, the concentration of nitroarenes in coarse and fine particles and mutagenicity of POC^^N fraction was investigated in suspended particulate at Shinchon and Bulkwang area of Seoul.

The suspended particulates were collected bimonthly by a high volume cascade impactor air sampler from July 1987 to May 1988. Extractable organic matter (EOM) in suspended particulates were extract by diethly ether/cyclohexane (8/2, V/V).

Neutral fraction was obtained by liquid-liquid extraction. Polar neutral oranic compounds (POC^^N) was fractioated by thin-layer chromatography.

Finally, concentration of nitroarenes in POC^^N fraction were measured and determined by capillary gas chromatography. Direct and indirect mutahenicity of POC^^N fraction were measured using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98.

The result were as follows:

1) Major nitroarenes at Shinchon area was 1-nitropyrene and at Bulkwang area was 2,7-dinitro-9-fluorenone during the year.

2) Average concentration of total nitroarenes measured was 67.26 ng/m**3 in fine particles which was 1.3 folds higher that in coarse particle (52.30 ng/m**3).

3) Annual pattern of nitroarenes concentration revealed that concertration in heating season (Feb., Jan., Mar.) was 2.2 folds higher than that in non heating season (May, Jul., Sep). Concentration of each season has 157.68 ng/m**3 and 80.93

ng/m**3.

4) The mutagenic activity of POC^^N fraction from fine particles was higher compare to that of coare particles and was increased when metabolically activated which S^^9 mixture Mutagenicities, metabolically activated, were significantly

different between Shinchon and Bulkwang area, 322.8 ren/250㎍/plate and 286.8 rev/250㎍/plate, respectively.

5) Annual pattern of mutagenicity of POC^^N fraction revealed that, mutagenicity of heating season was 1.7 folds higher at Shinchon area and 1.2 fold higher at Bulkwang than those of non heating season.

The variable contents and levels of nirtroarenes in suspendede particulates may affect to human health significantly. Further studies such as risk assessment should be conducted on the basis of this kind of studies.