HAP1 interaction with KCNQ4 attenuates channel surface expression and function

Abstract

The voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 4 (KCNQ4), a K+ channel, is one of the most frequently mutated genes in autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss. KCNQ4, which contains 6 transmembrane domains and a long cytoplasmic C-terminal tail, plays a crucial role in K+ recycling in the inner ear. Although KCNQ4 binds to various interactors, specific binding sites of the interactors remain elusive, and the biological significance of these interactions remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to discover a novel interactor of KCNQ4 and delineate its functional role in KCNQ4 regulation. We discovered a novel interactor of KCNQ4, huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1), in addition to calmodulin, which interacts with the C-terminus of KCNQ4 using a yeast 2-hybrid assay. This interaction requires the B-segment of KCNQ4 as demonstrated by protein domain analysis. A thorough investigation of the biochemical and physiological consequences of this association revealed that HAP1 overexpression reduced surface expression and attenuated the potassium current mediated by KCNQ4. This suggests that HAP1 acts as a negative regulator of KCNQ4, potentially through the disruption of normal endocytic trafficking. These findings enhance the understanding of KCNQ4 regulation at the molecular level and highlight the potential of the HAP1-KCNQ4 axis as a target for interventions aimed at maintaining channel surface stability. (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).