Effectiveness of Radiation Shields to Minimize Operator Dose in the Bronchoscopy Suite: A Phantom Study and Clinical Application

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Fluoroscopy has been widely adopted in interventional pulmonology, as it facilitates real-time visualization of the bronchoscope, endobronchial ultrasound, and biopsy tools during procedures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of radiation shields in minimizing scattered X-ray dose to the bronchoscopist in a phantom study and to determine the dose of scattered X-ray dose to medical staff with radiation shields in clinical application. Methods: An anthropomorphic torso phantom was positioned on the fluoroscopic table between the C-arm X-ray tube and the image detector to mimic bronchoscopic operations. Upper and lower body lead shields were used to examine the effectiveness of radiation shielding. Scatter radiation rates were assessed at a first operator location using real-time dosimeters with and without protective devices. In clinical application, the scattered X-ray dose of the first operator and main assistant was measured using wearable radiation dosimeters during 20 procedures. Results: In the phantom study, scattered radiation without shielding was 266.34 +/- 8.86 mu Sv/h (glabella), 483.90 +/- 8.01 mu Sv/h (upper thorax), 143.97 +/- 8.20 mu Sv/h (hypogastrium), and 7.22 +/- 0.28 mu Sv/h (ankle). The combination of upper and lower body lead shields reduced the scattered X-ray dose by 98.7%, 98.3%, 66.2%, and 79.9% at these levels, respectively. In clinical application, mean scattered X-ray dose rates were 0.14 +/- 0.05 mu Sv/procedure (eye), 0.46 +/- 0.51 mu Sv/procedure (chest), 0.67 +/- 0.50 mu Sv/procedure (hypogastrium), and 1.57 +/- 2.84 mu Sv/procedure (assistant's wrist). Conclusions: The combination of radiation shields significantly reduced the scattered X-ray dose at the operator site in the phantom study. The scattered X-ray dose to medical staff during bronchoscopy can be kept at a low level with the aid of a shielding system.