Adaptations of bite force and masseter muscle thickness to high-intensity physical training in professional athletes: a comparative cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background: This study investigated how prolonged high-intensity physical training influences bite force and masseter muscle thickness, which are key indicators of adaptation in the masticatory system. Understanding the relationship between these variables may provide insights into occlusal function and performance optimization in professional athletes.

Methods: Thirty-four male wrestlers (Pro: 13; Npro: 21; age: 26.7 ± 9.3 years) participated in this comparative cross-sectional study. Bite force was assessed using pressure-sensitive films, and masseter muscle thickness was measured via ultrasonography. Group comparisons and asymmetry analyses were conducted using appropriate statistical methods.

Results: Professional athletes exhibited significantly greater bite force (1071.7 ± 380.2 N) than non-professionals (856.9 ± 363.1 N, p = 0.032). Masseter muscle thickness was also higher in professionals (15.6 ± 1.5 mm right, 15.9 ± 1.4 mm left) than in non-professionals (13.6 ± 1.3 mm right, 13.8 ± 1.2 mm left, p < 0.01). Bite force asymmetry was more pronounced in professionals (70.1 ± 29.3 N vs. 43.1 ± 21.8 N, p = 0.017).

Conclusions: These findings suggest that high-intensity training is associated with distinct neuromuscular adaptations in the masticatory system. Such adaptations may affect oral stability, occlusal performance, and temporomandibular joint health. The results underscore the need for individualized strategies to optimize performance and prevent occlusal imbalances in athletes engaged in intense training.