Navigating the dual burden of dental and periodontal care in individuals who also smoke: an expert review

Abstract

Objectives: Smoking poses a significant challenge to oral health, particularly in individuals with dental and periodontal disease. This expert review explores the dual burden of managing periodontal and dental care in smokers, emphasizing the impact of chronic tobacco exposure on disease progression and treatment outcomes.

Study selection, data, and sources: Clinical trials, systematic reviews, and international guidelines were consulted where available. Search terms specific to the topic were entered into PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify the most relevant literature.

Results: Chronic smoking accelerates biofilm re-accumulation and periodontal tissue destruction, complicating treatment outcomes. Smoking cessation remains the most effective strategy for mitigating these risks, improving healing, reducing inflammation, and restoring microbiota balance. Dental professionals play a crucial role in integrating smoking cessation support into periodontal care through evidence-based interventions such as behavioral counseling, pharmacotherapy, and harm reduction strategies. Emerging technologies, including mobile health applications and remote monitoring, enhance patient engagement in smoking cessation efforts. Alternative nicotine products, such as e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products, may serve as harm reduction tools for smokers unwilling to quit, though their long-term effects on oral health remain unclear.

Conclusions: A multidisciplinary approach that combines periodontal therapy with tailored smoking cessation interventions is essential for improving oral health outcomes in smokers. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies to assess the effectiveness of integrated smoking cessation and periodontal treatment strategies.

Clinical relevance: The integration of smoking cessation into routine dental care is essential to improve treatment outcomes and long-term oral health. This review emphasizes the need for evidence-based strategies to manage smokers in dental settings and highlights the importance of further research to refine clinical guidelines.