Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio reflects the peripheral inflammatory state in parkinsonian disorders

Abstract

Background: In Parkinson's disease (PD) and Parkinson plus syndrome (PPS), inflammation is recognized as a relevant or contributing factor in the advancement of the diseases. For this reason, numerous biomarkers signaling immune alteration in both the central and peripheral nervous systems have been evaluated in PD and PPS. Nonetheless, the comprehensive inflammatory indices derived from readily available standard blood tests in PD, PPS, and healthy controls (HC) were rarely evaluated especially in the early stage of the diseases.

Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the serum level of peripheral inflammatory markers among the patients and investigate whether these markers contribute to symptoms.

Method: Clinical data and blood test results from drug naïve, early-stage 139 PD and 87 PPS patients, along with 139 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) to PD were enrolled, with exclusion criteria applied to conditions potentially affecting inflammation. The study examined the disparities in peripheral inflammation among the groups, using total and subpopulation of white blood cells (WBCs), platelet count, red cell distribution width (RDW), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and other composite values reflecting inflammation including RDW to platelet ratio (RPR), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil to HDL-C ratio (NHR), monocyte to HDL-C ratio (MHR), lymphocyte to HDL-C ratio (LHR), platelet to HDL-C ratio (PHR), systemic inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI).

Result: The MHR values were significantly higher in both PD and PPS groups compared to HC (p < 0.001), and NHR was significantly higher in the PPS group only compared to the HC group (p < 0.001). However, no significant differences in all the inflammatory markers were observed between PPS and PD (p > 0.05). Subgroup analysis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients revealed significantly higher NHR and MHR levels compared to the HC group (p = 0.025, p = 0.050, respectively), with no significant difference among PSP, MSA, and PD groups. After adjustment for age, sex, and disease duration, MHR was positively associated with H&Y in the total population (β = 0.288, p < 0.001), negatively associated with MMSE in the PD group (β = -0.245, p = 0.017), and positively associated with both H&Y (β = 0.432, p < 0.001) and UPDRS part II (β = 0.295, p = 0.018) in PPS group.

Conclusion: NHR and MHR values are not effective as reliable diagnostic markers due to overlap among groups and their limited discriminative capacity in ROC analyses. However, MHR may potentially serve as an indicator reflecting peripheral inflammation in the early stage of PD and PPS compared to HC.