Artificial intelligence-enhanced automation for M-mode echocardiographic analysis: ensuring fully automated, reliable, and reproducible measurements

Abstract

To enhance M-mode echocardiography's utility for measuring cardiac structures, we developed and evaluated an artificial intelligence (AI)-based automated analysis system for M-mode images through the aorta and left atrium [M-mode (Ao-LA)], and through the left ventricle [M-mode (LV)]. Our system, integrating two deep neural networks (DNN) for view classification and image segmentation, alongside an auto-measurement algorithm, was developed using 5,958 M-mode images [3,258 M-mode (LA-Ao), and 2,700 M-mode (LV)] drawn from a nationwide echocardiographic dataset collated from five tertiary hospitals. The performance of view classification and segmentation DNNs were evaluated on 594 M-mode images, while automatic measurement accuracy was tested on separate internal test set with 100 M-mode images as well as external test set with 280 images (140 sinus rhythm and 140 atrial fibrillation). Performance evaluation showed the view classification DNN's overall accuracy of 99.8% and segmentation DNN's Dice similarity coefficient of 94.3%. Within the internal test set, all automated measurements, including LA, Ao, and LV wall and cavity, resonated strongly with expert evaluations, exhibiting Pearson's correlation coefficients (PCCs) of 0.81-0.99. This performance persisted in the external test set for both sinus rhythm (PCC, 0.84-0.98) and atrial fibrillation (PCC, 0.70-0.97). Notably, automatic measurements, consistently offering multi-cardiac cycle readings, showcased a stronger correlation with the averaged multi-cycle manual measurements than with those of a single representative cycle. Our AI-based system for automatic M-mode echocardiographic analysis demonstrated excellent accuracy, reproducibility, and speed. This automated approach has the potential to improve efficiency and reduce variability in clinical practice.Graphical abstractArtificial intelligence (AI)-based pipeline for automated M-mode echocardiography analysis. The M-mode echocardiography analysis algorithm consists of a pipeline of two interconnected deep neural networks and an automated measurement algorithm. The first network classifies two different M-mode echocardiographic views, and the second segments M-mode echocardiographic images. The corresponding auto-measurements were then performed.