Overcoming BRAF and CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance by inhibiting MAP3K3-dependent protection against YAP lysosomal degradation

Abstract

Transcriptional programs governed by YAP play key roles in conferring resistance to various molecular-targeted anticancer agents. Strategies aimed at inhibiting YAP activity have garnered substantial interest as a means to overcome drug resistance. However, despite extensive research into the canonical Hippo-YAP pathway, few clinical agents are currently available to counteract YAP-associated drug resistance. Here, we present a novel mechanism of YAP stability regulation by MAP3K3 that is independent of Hippo kinases. Furthermore, we identified MAP3K3 as a target for overcoming anticancer drug resistance. Depletion of MAP3K3 led to a substantial reduction in the YAP protein level in melanoma and breast cancer cells. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that MAP3K3 phosphorylates YAP at serine 405. This MAP3K3-mediated phosphorylation event hindered the binding of the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 to YAP, thereby preventing its p62-mediated lysosomal degradation. Robust YAP activation was observed in CDK4/6 inhibitor-resistant luminal breast cancer cells. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of MAP3K3 effectively suppressed YAP activity and restored CDK4/6 inhibitor sensitivity. Similarly, elevated MAP3K3 expression supported the prosurvival activity of YAP in BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells. Inhibition of MAP3K3 decreased YAP-dependent cell proliferation and successfully restored BRAF inhibitor sensitivity. In conclusion, our study reveals a previously unrecognized mechanism for the regulation of YAP stability, suggesting MAP3K3 inhibition as a promising strategy for overcoming resistance to CDK4/6 and BRAF inhibitors in cancer treatment. Cancer treatment often uses specific drugs, but sometimes the body can resist these, causing the cancer to return. A study led by Yonsei University College of Medicine researchers looked at the role of a protein, yes-associated protein (YAP), in this drug resistance. They found that another protein, MAP3K3, helps keep YAP stable, which then helps the body resist cancer drugs. By stopping MAP3K3, the researchers could lower YAP levels and overcome drug resistance in breast cancer and skin cancer cells. This suggests that focusing on MAP3K3 could be a good way to treat cancers that resist drugs. The study also shows how important it is to understand how proteins in cancer cells interact.This summary was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then revised and fact-checked by the author.