Nephrolithiasis has many causes, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. The
interest in the human microbiome is growing because of the advance of new
diagnostic techniques, and recent studies have suggested a link between the
microbiome and nephrolithiasis. This paper reviewed the role of the microbiome
in nephrolithiasis. The absence of Oxalobacter formigenes induces hyperoxaluria,
which promotes calcium oxalate stone (CaOx) formation. Escherichia coli promote
CaOx supersaturation through hypocitraturia caused by the bacterial production
of citrate lyase. Infection stones are associated with urea-splitting organisms,
particularly Proteus mirabilis, and the stones themselves contain many species of
bacteria