Association of serum hemoglobin level with the risk of carotid plaque beyond metabolic abnormalities among asymptomatic adults without major adverse clinical events: a cross-sectional cohort study

Abstract

Background The serum hemoglobin (Hb) level is closely related to adverse clinical outcomes. However, data on the association of Hb levels with subclinical atherosclerosis beyond metabolic abnormalities are limited. Methods This study evaluated the association among serum Hb level, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and the risk of carotid plaque formation in asymptomatic adults without a history of major adverse clinical events. Results A total of 2560 participants (mean age: 60 +/- 8 years, 32.9% men) were stratified into four groups based on Hb quartiles, as follows: <= 12.8 g/dL (group I), 12.9-13.6 g/dL (group II), 13.7-14.5 g/dL (group III), and >= 14.6 g/dL (group IV). The overall prevalence of MetS and carotid plaque was 37.2% and 33.4%, respectively. The prevalence of MetS increased with increasing Hb level (group I: 27.4% vs. group II: 35.9% vs. group III: 42.6% vs. group IV: 44.1%, p < 0.001). The prevalence of carotid plaque was 34.3%, 28.1%, 32.8%, and 39.5% in groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that MetS was associated with an increased risk of carotid plaque (odds ratio [OR] 1.568, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.326-1.856, p < 0.001). Only group II showed a lower risk of carotid plaque than group I (OR 0.750, 95% CI 0.596-0.943, p = 0.014). Multiple logistic regression models showed consistent results after adjusting for clinical factors, including MetS and its individual components. Conclusion Serum Hb level is associated with the risk of carotid plaque beyond MetS and its components in a relatively healthy adult population.