1. A Experimental Study on the Preparations ef Indium-ll3m Compounds
Radioactive Indium· 113m, one of the short·lived nuclides, has been introduced
recently into nuclear medicine (Goodwin et al, 1966; Stern et al, 1966; Stern et
al, 1967). There are various compounds for scanning such as**113m In·Chloride for
heart and placenta, 113mIn·iron-macroaggregate for lung, 113mIn·chelate complex
far brain and kidney, and 113mIn·colloid for liver and spleen.
The radioactive Indium· 113m compounds have been prepared by various complicated
methods (Bruno et al, 1968; Potchen et al,1968; Burdine et al, 1969; French, 1969),
but a standard method for preparation has not yet been reported. However, there is
a generally accepted idea that the chemical composition of Indium-113m compounds
depends net only on the solvent which should be added to the indium-l 13m eluate,
but also on the change of the pH level of Indium·113m compounds. This study is
aimed at finding out the optimal pH level of Indium·l13m compounds which fire
prepared by a simplified and standardized method for Indium-113m compounds.
113mIn·chloride, 113mIn-colloidal, 113mIn-iron-macroaggregated, and
113mIn-chelate forms were prepared by changing the pH level by dilute phosphate
buffer (0.04mole, pH 7.8) and sodium hydroxide solution(0.1N).
The Indium-113m compounds prepared at different pH levels were injected
intravenously into rabbits, and the distribution of their radioaotivity in the
internal organs and the blood disappearance rate were assayed.
The experimental results are summarized as follows:
1. The control of the pH level in Indium-113m compounds by phosphate buffer is
easier than by modium hydroxide solution.
2. Depending on the pH level of Indium·113m compounds in phosphate buffer or in
sadium hydroxide solution, the distribution of Indium·113m activity in the
internal organs in significantly different, as follows:
a. Indium·113m compound below pH 4.5 remains in the blood at the highest level
of per gram assessment of organs, and the half time of blood disappearance rate of
Indium· 113m compound in phosphate buffer (pH2.5) is 242.7 minutes and for
midiutes and for hydroxide solution (pH2.5), 183.7 minutes.
b. Of the Indium·113m compound at pH 6.5 in phosphate buffer 75.9% is retained
in the liver and at pH 8.0 in sodium hydroxide solution 2.8% is retained per gram
in the spleen with the highegt organ distribution in per gram assessment.
3. 113mIn-iron-macroaggregated form at PH 9.0 in Sodium hydroxide is useful for
lung scanning with the highest distribution in organs (62.4% of the administered
dose), and ll3mIn-iron-macroaggregated form at pH 3.0 in phosphate buffer is for
the combined scanning of lung and liver.
4. Urinary excretion of ll3mIn·DTPA of pH 6.7∼7.0 in phosphate buffer or in
sodium hydroxide solution is higher than that of pH 2.5∼3.0. The half time of the
blood disappearance rate of ll3mIn-DTPA of pH 6.5∼7.0 in phosphate buffer is
longer than that of sodium hydroxide solution, but the organ distribution of
113mIn·DTPA at pH 6.5∼7.0 in sodium hydroxide solution is higher than that in
phosphate buffer. Therefore, 113mIn-DTPA at PH 6.5∼7.0 in phosphate buffer is
profitable for kidney scanning and 113mIn·DTPA at pH 6.5∼7.0 in sodium hydroxide
solution, for brain scanning.
2. Comparative Studies on Clinical Applications of Indium-ll3m Compounds and the
Other Preparations
Indium-113m compounds have been attracting more general interest as a broad
spectrum agent for organ visualization (Wagner, 1968; Adatepe and Potchen, 1969;
O'mara et al, 1969),
However, there have been few studies of the quantitative functional analysis
using Indium-113m compounds for various organs. This study is aimed at the
comparison of Indium-113m compounds with other preparations in respect to the
quantitative analysis of liver and kidney function, the estimation of blood volume,
and on an analysis of liver scanning.
54 healthy Korean adults, 21 with hepatopathy, 10 with nephropathy and 499 liver
scans which included 381 scans using ll3mIn colloid and 118 scans using 198Au
colloid were examined and evaluated by the following methods:
1. The external counting for the half title of liver uptake and blood
disappearance were carried out over the liver and the left lateral side of the head
following ll3mIn colloid injection as a liver function test. The external counting
was corrected by the ll3mIn decay factor and analysed by the measuring method of
colloidal disappearance rate of the blood (Dobson and Jones, 1952 : Vetter et al,
1954). This also has done using 198Au colloid without correction of decay factor on
the following day on the same subjects.
2. The glomerular filtration rate (G.F.R.) was detected by the usual external
counting method at the cardiac area and the blood sample which nuts taken at 20
minutes after injection of 1193mIn-DTPA in phosphate buffer.
G.F.R. was calculated by plasma activity of Indium-113m obtained from the blood
sample and a half time of blood disappearance obtained from the external counting
(Wagner, 1968).
3. The renogram was performed by the usual conventional technique. The
ll3mIn-DTPA in sodium hydroxide solution was injected and 131I-hippuran, the next
day. The renograms were evaluated by Krueger's quantitative analysis.
4. The plasma and blood volume were estimated by 113In chloride, and they ware
compared with 125I-HSA on the following day.
5. The liver scans using ll3mIn colloid (212 abnormal and 169 normal cases) and
198Au colloid (118abnormal cases) were analysed with the findings of mottled
densities of the liver, perihilar accumulation of activity and extrahepatic organ
visualization.
The results are summarized as follows:
1. Correlation of the half time between liver uptake and blood disappearance rate
of ll3mIn colloid, and of the half times of liver uptake and blood disappearance
rate between 198Au colloid and ll3In colloid are indicated as significant values
(Correlation coefficiency, r=0.78, 0.87 and 0.78).
2. ll3mIn-DTPA for the glomerular filtration rate is a very simplified method,
and the G.F.R. is similar to that of the inulin method (110.4±10.8ml/min./1.73㎡
in adult by ll3mIn-DTPA).
3. The pattern of the renogram using ll3mIn-DTPA consists of 3 components as
shown by 131I-hippuran, and the quantitative analyses of the renograms of
113mIn·DTPA (total concentration, minute concentration, and minute excretion by
Krueger's method) are little lower than that ot 131I-hippuran.
4. ll3mIn chloride in phosphate buffer can be used for the measurement of blood
and plasma volume, and the plasma volume by ll3mIn chloride is ±6.4% in comparison
to that obtained by 125I·HSA.
5. Indium-113m colloid in contrast to 198Au colloid has the advantage of
delineating a large space occupying lesion in a liver scan, whill the small diffuse
liver abnormality such as a mild degree of cirrhosis or hepatitis is poorly
identified.
[영문]
1. A Experimental Study on the Preparations ef Indium-ll3m Compounds
Radioactive Indium· 113m, one of the short·lived nuclides, has been introduced recently into nuclear medicine (Goodwin et al, 1966; Stern et al, 1966; Stern et al, 1967). There are various compounds for scanning such as**113m In·Chloride for
heart and placenta, 113mIn·iron-macroaggregate for lung, 113mIn·chelate complex far brain and kidney, and 113mIn·colloid for liver and spleen.
The radioactive Indium· 113m compounds have been prepared by various complicated methods (Bruno et al, 1968; Potchen et al,1968; Burdine et al, 1969; French, 1969), but a standard method for preparation has not yet been reported. However, there is a generally accepted idea that the chemical composition of Indium-113m compounds depends net only on the solvent which should be added to the indium-l 13m eluate, but also on the change of the pH level of Indium·113m compounds. This study is aimed at finding out the optimal pH level of Indium·l13m compounds which fire prepared by a simplified and standardized method for Indium-113m compounds.
113mIn·chloride, 113mIn-colloidal, 113mIn-iron-macroaggregated, and 113mIn-chelate forms were prepared by changing the pH level by dilute phosphate buffer (0.04mole, pH 7.8) and sodium hydroxide solution(0.1N).
The Indium-113m compounds prepared at different pH levels were injected intravenously into rabbits, and the distribution of their radioaotivity in the internal organs and the blood disappearance rate were assayed.
The experimental results are summarized as follows:
1. The control of the pH level in Indium-113m compounds by phosphate buffer is easier than by modium hydroxide solution.
2. Depending on the pH level of Indium·113m compounds in phosphate buffer or in sadium hydroxide solution, the distribution of Indium·113m activity in the internal organs in significantly different, as follows:
a. Indium·113m compound below pH 4.5 remains in the blood at the highest level of per gram assessment of organs, and the half time of blood disappearance rate of Indium· 113m compound in phosphate buffer (pH2.5) is 242.7 minutes and for midiutes and for hydroxide solution (pH2.5), 183.7 minutes.
b. Of the Indium·113m compound at pH 6.5 in phosphate buffer 75.9% is retained in the liver and at pH 8.0 in sodium hydroxide solution 2.8% is retained per gram in the spleen with the highegt organ distribution in per gram assessment.
3. 113mIn-iron-macroaggregated form at PH 9.0 in Sodium hydroxide is useful for lung scanning with the highest distribution in organs (62.4% of the administered dose), and ll3mIn-iron-macroaggregated form at pH 3.0 in phosphate buffer is for the combined scanning of lung and liver.
4. Urinary excretion of ll3mIn·DTPA of pH 6.7∼7.0 in phosphate buffer or in sodium hydroxide solution is higher than that of pH 2.5∼3.0. The half time of the blood disappearance rate of ll3mIn-DTPA of pH 6.5∼7.0 in phosphate buffer is longer than that of sodium hydroxide solution, but the organ distribution of 113mIn·DTPA at pH 6.5∼7.0 in sodium hydroxide solution is higher than that in phosphate buffer. Therefore, 113mIn-DTPA at PH 6.5∼7.0 in phosphate buffer is profitable for kidney scanning and 113mIn·DTPA at pH 6.5∼7.0 in sodium hydroxide solution, for brain scanning.
2. Comparative Studies on Clinical Applications of Indium-ll3m Compounds and the Other Preparations
Indium-113m compounds have been attracting more general interest as a broad spectrum agent for organ visualization (Wagner, 1968; Adatepe and Potchen, 1969; O'mara et al, 1969),
However, there have been few studies of the quantitative functional analysis using Indium-113m compounds for various organs. This study is aimed at the comparison of Indium-113m compounds with other preparations in respect to the quantitative analysis of liver and kidney function, the estimation of blood volume, and on an analysis of liver scanning.
54 healthy Korean adults, 21 with hepatopathy, 10 with nephropathy and 499 liver scans which included 381 scans using ll3mIn colloid and 118 scans using 198Au colloid were examined and evaluated by the following methods:
1. The external counting for the half title of liver uptake and blood disappearance were carried out over the liver and the left lateral side of the head following ll3mIn colloid injection as a liver function test. The external counting was corrected by the ll3mIn decay factor and analysed by the measuring method of
colloidal disappearance rate of the blood (Dobson and Jones, 1952 : Vetter et al, 1954). This also has done using 198Au colloid without correction of decay factor on the following day on the same subjects.
2. The glomerular filtration rate (G.F.R.) was detected by the usual external counting method at the cardiac area and the blood sample which nuts taken at 20 minutes after injection of 1193mIn-DTPA in phosphate buffer.
G.F.R. was calculated by plasma activity of Indium-113m obtained from the blood sample and a half time of blood disappearance obtained from the external counting (Wagner, 1968).
3. The renogram was performed by the usual conventional technique. The ll3mIn-DTPA in sodium hydroxide solution was injected and 131I-hippuran, the next day. The renograms were evaluated by Krueger's quantitative analysis.
4. The plasma and blood volume were estimated by 113In chloride, and they ware compared with 125I-HSA on the following day.
5. The liver scans using ll3mIn colloid (212 abnormal and 169 normal cases) and 198Au colloid (118abnormal cases) were analysed with the findings of mottled densities of the liver, perihilar accumulation of activity and extrahepatic organ visualization.
The results are summarized as follows:
1. Correlation of the half time between liver uptake and blood disappearance rate of ll3mIn colloid, and of the half times of liver uptake and blood disappearance rate between 198Au colloid and ll3In colloid are indicated as significant values (Correlation coefficiency, r=0.78, 0.87 and 0.78).
2. ll3mIn-DTPA for the glomerular filtration rate is a very simplified method, and the G.F.R. is similar to that of the inulin method (110.4±10.8ml/min./1.73㎡ in adult by ll3mIn-DTPA).
3. The pattern of the renogram using ll3mIn-DTPA consists of 3 components as shown by 131I-hippuran, and the quantitative analyses of the renograms of 113mIn·DTPA (total concentration, minute concentration, and minute excretion by Krueger's method) are little lower than that ot 131I-hippuran.
4. ll3mIn chloride in phosphate buffer can be used for the measurement of blood and plasma volume, and the plasma volume by ll3mIn chloride is ±6.4% in comparison to that obtained by 125I·HSA.
5. Indium-113m colloid in contrast to 198Au colloid has the advantage of delineating a large space occupying lesion in a liver scan, whill the small diffuse liver abnormality such as a mild degree of cirrhosis or hepatitis is poorly identified.