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각종 백신(typhoid, BCG 및 smallpox) 접종에 대한 영역임파절의 반응

Other Titles
 Morphologic reactions of regional lymphnode to inoculation of various vaccines(typhoid, BCG and smallpox) 
Authors
 한운섭 
Issue Date
1979
Description
의학과/박사
Abstract
[한글]

Hartsock 및 Bellanti(1966)는 원숭이 및 가토에 여려가지 백신들을 접종하여 임파절변화를 관찰한바 천연두 백신 접종후 제 8일 내지 10일에 영역임파절에 많은 망상형 임파아구를 함유한 미만성 증식을 보고하였다. 그후 Hartsock(1968)는 사람에서 백신 접종후 발생된 임파염을 소급 연구한 결과 비교적 특징적인 조직학적 소견을 볼 수 있으며 Hartsock 및 Bellanti(1966)의 실험적인 백신 임파절 중식소견과 유사한 조직 소견을 관찰할 수 있다고 보고하였다. Mehrotra(1978)는 가토에 vaccinia 바이러스를 접종한 결과 접종후

제 3일 및 5일에 철저한 망상임파구의 증식을 볼 수 있었고 세포질은 pyronin 양성반응을 나타내며 접종후 제 21일에도 증대될 임파여포를 볼 수 있었다고 하였다. 그러나 실험적으로 혈청단백이나 합성된 polypeptide로 인한 임파구 반응에 대해서는 비교적 잘 알려져 있으나 백신에 대한 반응에 대해서는 아직 그 연구가 미흡하다. 임파구중 T-세포를 규명하는 방법은 양(羊)의 적혈구를 이용한 로젯(rosett)형성, 세포독성(cytotoxicity), phrtohemagglutinin에 대한 임파구변형 및 주사 전자현미경적 방법등 여려가지가 있으나 조직분포 상태를 알기 위해서는 효소화학적 방법 특히 acid phosphatase염색이 좋으며 이는 T-세포에 비교적 선택적인 반응을 나타낸다고 한다(Tamaoki and Essner, 1967; Catovsky et al. 1974; Wehinger and Mobius, 1976). 백신에는 주로 humoral immunity를 자극하여 혈청내 항체를 만들어 개체의 감염을 예방하거나 cell-mediated immunity를 자극하여 특이한 T-세포를 활성화 혹은 이들의 산물을 통해 면역을 유도하는 듯한 백신들이 있다(Friedman, 1978). 본 연구는 주로 tumoral immunity를 나타내는 typhoid백신과 cell-mediated immunity를 나타내는 BCG백신 및 바이러스 백신인 smallpox 백신을 백서에 접종하여 영역 임파절 소견을 기간별로 비교관찰하고 T-세포의 변동을 보기 위해 acid phosphatase 염색을 시행하여 각종 백신접종에 대한 영역임파절 반응을 연구하였다.

실험동물은 180gm내외의 백서 104마리를 대조군, typhoid 백신접종군, BCG 백신 접종군 및 smallpox 백신접종군으로 나누었다.

증류수를 주사한 대조군은 주사후 제 2일, 7일, 15일 및 45일에 각 2마리씩 도살하였고 실험군인 typhoid백신, BCG백신 및 smallpox백신 접종군은 접종후 제 2일, 4일, 7일, 10일, 15일, 20일, 30일 및 45일에 각 4마리씩 도살하였다. 경부임파절을 도살즉시 채취하여 일부는 냉동절편을 만들어 acid phosphatase염색을 시행하였으며 10% 포르마린에 고정한 나머지 조직은 hematoxylin-eosin염색 및 methrl-green pyronin염색을 시행하였고 planimeter를 이용하여 임파절의 피질 유피 띤수질의 각영역을 계측하떴으며 임파절의 형태학적 변화, pyronin 반응 및 acid phosphatase반응을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다.

1. 대조군은 수질이 임파절 영역의 대부분을 차지하였고 피질 여포내 배중심 및 유피질 발달이 경미하였다. 배중심은 대형임파구, 수질대는 형질세포들로 대부분 이루어졌고 acid phosphatase는 배송심내 탐식세포와 유피질에서 경도의 양성반응을 보였다.

2. Typhoid백신 접종군은 접종후 제 7일부터 퍼질면적이 증대되기 시작하여 접종후 제15일에 최고도에 달하였다가 그후 감소되어 접종후 제45일에는 대조군과 유사한 면적을 보였다. 피질면적의 증대는 여포 및 배중심 발달에 의해 이루어졌다. 한편 수질내 형질세포의 증식은 접종후 제 2일부터 증가되어 접종후 제10일 및 15일에 고도의 증식을 보였다가 이후에는 감소되었다. Acid phosphatase는 유피질에 다소 증가된 양성반응을.

3. BCG백신 접종군은 피질면적 증대가 typhoid 및 smallpox백신 접종군에 비해 경하였으나 유피질 증대는 이들보다 철저하게 증대되어 가장 뚜렷하였으며 접종후 제 2일부터 증가되어 제15일 및 20일에 최고도에 달하였고 제45일에도 유피질 증대가 지속되었다. 또한 유피질에서 acid phosphatase양성반응이 typhoid백신 접종군 보다 현저히 증가하였다.

4. Smallpox백신 접종군은 피질면적 증대가 typhoid 백신 접종군 정도로 증가되었다가 원상으로 늦게 회복되었으며 유피질증대는 BCG백신 접종군보다는 경하였으나 typhoid 백

신 접종군보다는 심하였고 BCG백신 접종군과 마찬가지로 제45일에도 유피질 증대가 지속되었다. Acid phosphatase는 유피질에서 BCG백신 접종군과 같이 typheid백신 접종군에 비해 강한 양성반응을 보였다.

이상의 성적을 종합하여 보면 typhoid백신 접종군은 주로 humoral immunity에 관여되는 피질및 수질 종식을 가져왔고 BCG백신 접종군은 주로 cell-mediated immunity에 관여하는 유피질 증대를 일으켰으며 smallpox백신 접종군은 피질 및 유피질 중식을 같이 초래하여 humoral immunity 및 cell-mediated immunity를 동시에 유발하는 것으로 사료되었다.

[영문]

There are vaccines that stimulate the humoral immune system preferentially and presumably protect an individual from infection by inducing serum antibody. This can either neutralize products derived from the microorganism, such as a toxin, or

prevent attachments and/or infection of vital organs and tissues by the pathogen.

Other vaccines, however, appear to induce immunity by stimulating cell-mediated responses, such as activation of specific T-Iymphocytes and their products, such as Iymphokines (Friedman,1978). Although it is widely accepted that vaccines prepared from attenuated microorganiams are often much more efficacious than vaccines of nonviable or inactivated microorganism, the underlying mechanisms are obscure. In addition to theme facts Hartsock (1968) has analysed crises of patients having histologic changes in enlarged Iymphnodes from the patients from smallpox or with other vaccines, including tetanus, typhoid, diphtheria, pertussis, influenza, and Salk vaccines. These reactive histologic findings were also studied in experimental animals, but ther? are only a few reports describing the sequence of changes after inoculation of vaccines(Harteock and Bellanti, 1976, Mehrotra, 1978). For the identification of of T-Iymphocytes, enzyme histochemical stainings were carried out

such as acid phosphatase, acid α-naphthrlacetate esterase, etc(Tamaoki and Eagner, 1969,Catovsky et at., 1974, Wehinger and Mobiua, 1976).

This study was performed to investigate differences of morphologic changes in the regional Iymphnode after inoculations of typhoid vaccine, which is considered as stimulating humoral immunity preferentially, BCG vaccine which might induce

cell-mediated immunity, and smallpox vaccine, a type of virus vaccines.

Enzyme histochemical staining of acid phosphatase was also carried out for identification and response of T-Iymphocytes after inoculation of the above mentioned vaccines.

A total of 104 rate, each weighing 180gm, were used and divided into 4 groups. The first group was control group injected with saline. The second, third, and fourth groups were vaccinated with typhoid, BCG and smallpox vaccines, respectively.

Animals were sacrificed with ether anesthesia at the 2nd, 7th, 15th, and 45th days in the control group, and at the 2nd, 4th, 7th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 30th, and 45th days after inoculation in the vaccination groups of typhoid, BCG, and smallpox. Lymphnodes from the neck were obtained, Stainings of the routine hematoxylin-eosin, methyl-green pyronin, and acid phosptatase for identification of T-Iymphocytes were made and examined.

For the measurement of areas of the cortex, paracortex and medulla in the Iymphnode, a planimeter was used and it measured these areas through the mapping of Iymphnodes by a microprojector.

The results are summarized as follows:

1. In the control group injected with saline, the area of the moat regional Iymphnodes was medulla of which the cords contained pyroninophilic plasma cells.

The cortex of the Iymphnodes contained Iymphoid follicles with indistinct germinal centers. There was no significant change in these features in the period of days after saline inoculation.

2. In the typhoid vaccination group, at the 2nd day after vaccination, in the area of the cortex the regional Iymphnodes began to increase in size and reached an extreme degree of enlargement, due to the increased six and numbers of the

germinal centers with Iymphoid follicles at the 10th and 15th days after vaocination. The size of the cortex had decreased to become similar to the cortex in the control group at the 45th day after vaccination. The proliferation of the plasma cells was prominent in the medulla at the 7th and 10th days after

vaccination.

3. With BCG vaccination the Iymphnodes showed especially increased area of paracortex, unlike typhoid vaccination group. The increased area of paracortex persisted to the 45th day after vaccination. The enlargement of the paracortex was due to proliferation of the lymphocytes, which were intensely Pyroninophilic.

4. Smallpox vaccination induced follicular hyperplasia in the regional Iymphnodes, acoempanied by enlargement of the pararcotex. Although the paracortex enlargement was not as much as that with the BCG vaccination, the enlargement of the paracortex was remarkable compared with paracortex of the Iymphnodes in the typhoid vaccination, and the enlargement persisted until the 45th day after vaccination with smallpox vaccine.

5. Acid phosphatase staining for identification of T-lymphocytes revealed a positive reaction in the paracortex of the lymphnodes, while the germinal centers were negative except for positivity of macrophages. Increased positive reaction of

acid phosphatase was observed in 7te paracortex both of the BCG and smallpox vaccination groups, but not so much in the typhoid Vaccination group.

In conclusion, typhoid vaccination mainly brought the morphologic changes of increased of the cortex with plasma cell proliferation of medulla in the regional lymphnodes, related to the humoral immunity. However the BCG vaccination caused

enlargement of paracortex of lymphnodes with increased population of T-lymphocytes concerned with cell-mediated immunity. By the inoculation of smallpox vaccine, a type of virus vaccine, enlargement of cortex with follicular hyperplasia and

hypertrophy of germinal centers was demonstrated as well as enlargement of paracortex with T-lymphocytes proliferation. These were repressentative of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity as morphologic alterations in regional lymphnode.
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