Broken Transverse Force Coupling as a Predictor of Poor Prognosis after Lower Trapezius Tendon Transfer

Abstract

Background: Lower trapezius transfer (LTT) has emerged as a promising surgical option for irreparable posterosuperior massive rotator cuff tears (PSMRCTs), particularly for restoring external rotation and improving shoulder function. The transverse force couple, formed by the balanced action of the subscapularis anteriorly and the infraspinatus and teres minor posteriorly, is essential for maintaining shoulder stability and kinematics. However, outcomes remain variable, and predictors of suboptimal recovery are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiologic outcomes following LTT in patients with irreparable PSMRCTs and to identify prognostic factors associated with achieving clinically meaningful improvement.<br /> Methods: This retrospective study included 44 patients who underwent LTT between June 2022 and February 2024. Functional outcomes were assessed at 12 months using visual analog scale, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Subjective Shoulder Value, University of California at Los Angeles scores, and active range of motion (ROM). Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 6 months following surgery to evaluate repair integrity. The primary outcome was Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS). Patients were categorized into PASS-Y (yes) or PASS-N (no) groups. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of PASS failure.<br /> Results: Of 44 patients, 32 (72.7%) achieved PASS. The PASS-Y group demonstrated significantly superior improvements in pain, functional scores, and ROM compared with the PASS-N group. Tear of the transferred tendon was observed in 13.6% (6 / 44) and was significantly more common in the PASS-N group than in the PASS-Y group (33.3% [4 / 12] and 6.3% [2 / 32], respectively; p = 0.039). Subscapularis retear was identified in 18.2% overall and was significantly associated with PASS failure (41.7% vs. 9.4%, p = 0.025). Logistic regression identified tear of the transferred tendon (odds ratio [OR], 2.863; p = 0.017), subscapularis fatty infiltration (OR, 2.751; p = 0.009), and smoking status (OR, 2.501; p = 0.046) as independent risk factors for not achieving PASS. Conclusions: The most significant finding of this study is that disruption of transverse force coupling-whether due to tear of the transferred graft or failure of the repaired subscapularis tendon-negatively impacts clinical outcomes of LTT. Therefore, careful consideration is warranted in cases with a high risk of subscapularis tendon retear.