Global, regional, and national burden of breast cancer among females, 1990-2023, with forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

Abstract

Background Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among females worldwide. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023, we provided an updated comprehensive assessment of the epidemiological trends, disease burden, and risk factors associated with breast cancer globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2023. Methods Breast cancer incidence, mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated by age and sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. Mortality estimates were generated using GBD Cause of Death Ensemble models, leveraging data from population-based cancer registration systems, vital registration systems, and verbal autopsies. Mortality-to-incidence ratios were calculated to derive both mortality and incidence estimates. Prevalence was calculated by combining incidence and modelled survival estimates. YLLs were established by multiplying age-specific deaths with the GBD standard life expectancy at the age of death. YLDs were estimated by applying disability weights to prevalence estimates. The sum of YLLs and YLDs equalled the number of DALYs. Breast cancer burden attributable to seven risk factors was examined through the comparative risk assessment framework. The GBD forecasting framework was used to forecast breast cancer incidence and mortality from 2024 to 2050. Age-standardised rates were calculated for each metric using the GBD 2023 world standard population. Findings In 2023, there were an estimated 2.30 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2.01 to 2.61) breast cancer incident cases, 764 000 deaths (672 000 to 854 000), and 24.1 million (21.3 to 27.5) DALYs among females globally. In the World Bank low-income group, where a low age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) was estimated (44.2 per 100 000 person-years [31.2 to 58.4]), the age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) was the highest (24.1 per 100 000 [16.8 to 31.9]). The highest ASIR was in the high-income group (75.7 per 100 000 [67.1 to 84.0]), and the lowest ASMR was in the upper-middle-income group (11.2 per 100 000 [10.2 to 12.3]). Between 1990 and 2023, the ASIR in the low-income group increased by 147.2% (38.1 to 271.7), compared with a 1.2% (-11.5 to 17.2) change in the high-income group. The ASMR decreased in the high-income group, changing by -29.9% (-33.6 to -25.9), but increased by 99.3% (12.5 to 202.9) in the low-income group. The increase in age-standardised DALY rates followed that of ASMRs. Risk factors such as dietary risks, tobacco use, and high fasting plasma glucose contributed to 28.3% (16.6 to 38.9) of breast cancer DALYs in 2023. The risk factors with a decrease in attributable DALYs between 1990 and 2023 were high alcohol use and tobacco. By 2050, the global incident cases of breast cancer among females were forecast to reach 3.56 million (2.29 to 4.83), with 1.37 million (0.841 to 2.02) deaths. Interpretation The stable incidence and declining mortality rates of female breast cancer in high-income nations reflect success in screening, diagnosis, and treatment. In contrast, the concurrent rise in incidence and mortality in other regions signals health system deficits. Without effective interventions, many countries will fall short of the WHO Global Breast Cancer Initiative's ambitious target of achieving an annual reduction of 2.5% in age-standardised mortality rates by 2040. The mounting breast cancer burden, disproportionately affecting some of the world's most vulnerable populations, will further exacerbate health inequalities across the globe without decisive immediate action. Copyright (c) 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.