Small Molecule Therapeutics Targeting Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Progress, and Future Strategies

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) imposes a growing burden on global healthcare systems. Current therapeutic interventions primarily alleviate cognitive and functional symptoms but have limited impact on the underlying neurodegenerative processes driving disease progression. This underscores the urgent need for treatments that target the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease. Advances in monoclonal antibody therapies against amyloid-(3 (A(3) provide encouraging evidence for disease modification, though challenges related to dosing, cost, and safety constrain their broader application. Small molecule therapeutics represent a compelling alternative owing to advantageous properties such as enhanced brain penetration, oral bioavailability, and suitability for long-term administration in elderly patients. Building on these attributes, this review evaluates small molecule therapeutics as promising candidates for AD treatment. It summarizes small molecule compounds targeting A(3 across mechanisms that include modulating production, inhibiting aggregation, disassembling aggregates, enhancing clearance, and mitigating neurotoxicity. A comprehensive assessment of current data emphasizes the importance of continued research to overcome ongoing challenges and fully leverage the potential of small molecules. The limited number of candidates in late-stage clinical trials indicates that substantial efforts are still required to identify and refine effective agents. Continued investigation into their mechanisms and optimization of compound profiles will advance the development of small molecule-based therapies for AD.