Application and mechanistic research of novel therapeutic strategies in cisplatin-resistant small cell lung cancer

Abstract

IntroductionSmall cell lung cancer (SCLC) initially responds well to cisplatin-based chemotherapy, but rapid development of drug resistance limits long-term efficacy and subsequent treatment options. Understanding the multifactorial mechanisms of cisplatin resistance is essential for improving patient outcomes. This review synthesizes recent preclinical and clinical advances, focusing on seven key resistance mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and novel chemotherapeutic agents.DiscussionCisplatin resistance in SCLC arises through multiple mechanisms. First, reduction of drug deposition due to altered uptake or enhanced efflux decreases intracellular cisplatin levels. Second, dysregulation of apoptotic pathways, including overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, allows tumor cells to evade chemotherapy-induced cell death. Third, enhanced DNA damage repair restores cisplatin-induced lesions, limiting cytotoxicity. Fourth, the tumor microenvironment can induce resistance through stromal and immune interactions. Fifth, metabolic adaptations enable tumor cells to survive under chemotherapeutic stress. Sixth, SCLC subtype transitions alter cellular phenotype and chemosensitivity. Seventh, epigenetic changes drive transcriptional programs that confer resistance.Targeted therapies, such as multidrug resistance (MDR) inhibitors and Bcl-2 family inhibitors, can restore tumor sensitivity but are limited by toxicity and tumor-specific efficacy. Immunotherapy, including PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors, shows potential, although effectiveness is constrained by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and rapid progression. Targeted therapies, such as PARP inhibitors, demonstrate variable efficacy influenced by genetic heterogeneity, biomarker expression, and microenvironmental factors. Novel chemotherapeutic agents offer alternative options for cisplatin-resistant patients. Preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that combining these approaches may further enhance antitumor activity, potentially improving progression-free survival and quality of life. Biomarker-guided strategies may optimize personalized therapy and patient selection.DiscussionCisplatin resistance in SCLC arises through multiple mechanisms. First, reduction of drug deposition due to altered uptake or enhanced efflux decreases intracellular cisplatin levels. Second, dysregulation of apoptotic pathways, including overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, allows tumor cells to evade chemotherapy-induced cell death. Third, enhanced DNA damage repair restores cisplatin-induced lesions, limiting cytotoxicity. Fourth, the tumor microenvironment can induce resistance through stromal and immune interactions. Fifth, metabolic adaptations enable tumor cells to survive under chemotherapeutic stress. Sixth, SCLC subtype transitions alter cellular phenotype and chemosensitivity. Seventh, epigenetic changes drive transcriptional programs that confer resistance.Targeted therapies, such as multidrug resistance (MDR) inhibitors and Bcl-2 family inhibitors, can restore tumor sensitivity but are limited by toxicity and tumor-specific efficacy. Immunotherapy, including PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors, shows potential, although effectiveness is constrained by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and rapid progression. Targeted therapies, such as PARP inhibitors, demonstrate variable efficacy influenced by genetic heterogeneity, biomarker expression, and microenvironmental factors. Novel chemotherapeutic agents offer alternative options for cisplatin-resistant patients. Preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that combining these approaches may further enhance antitumor activity, potentially improving progression-free survival and quality of life. Biomarker-guided strategies may optimize personalized therapy and patient selection.ConclusionCisplatin resistance in SCLC is a complex, multifactorial process involving cellular, molecular, and microenvironmental mechanisms. Integrating mechanistic insights with emerging therapies, including immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and novel chemotherapeutics, offers a promising path to overcome resistance, guiding future research and the development of more effective, personalized treatment strategies for patients with cisplatin-resistant SCLC.