Circadian Rhythm: Biological Functions, Diseases, and Therapeutic Targets

Abstract

Circadian rhythms are intrinsic 24-h biological cycles that govern various physiological processes. In addition to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, the circadian system is organized in multiple peripheral tissues, such as the brain, heart, bone, liver, and lung. Emerging evidence suggests that disruptions in these rhythms, which are regulated by a network of clock genes, play pivotal roles in human health. A deeper understanding of the interplay between circadian rhythms and tissue homeostasis holds significant potential for the development of targeted therapies aimed at improving human health. This review explores the link between circadian rhythms and tissue homeostasis, delving into their biological functions, including influences on metabolic homeostasis, neuroendocrine signaling, immune and oxidative stress responses, tissue repair, and autophagy activity. It also summarizes the connections between circadian disruptions and circadian disruption-related diseases, including degenerative diseases, cardiometabolic disorders, and cancers. Furthermore, this review offers valuable perspectives on the treatment of circadian disruption-related diseases. By revealing the regulatory influence of circadian rhythms on human health and disease, this work aims to inspire the development of novel strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of circadian disruption-related diseases.