International multidisciplinary consensus recommendations on clinical application of threedimensional visualization in precision surgery for pediatric liver tumors

Abstract

Background: Pediatric liver tumors are predominantly primary malignant tumors, and complete tumor resection with sufficient preservation of liver tissue is crucial for improving prognosis. However, due to the delicate anatomical structure of the pediatric liver and the relatively large size of the tumors, especially in difficult cases, the surgical challenges are substantial. While precision liver surgery are widely applied in clinical practice, pediatric cases require more customized approaches. The application of three-dimensional (3D) visualization technology is crucial for enhancing surgical accuracy, allowing for precise preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance. Methods: This consensus was collaboratively developed by 36 experts from eight countries, using the Glaser's state-of-the-art method to review and refine the draft. Results: The final consensus resulted in 15 international multidisciplinary consensus recommendations on clinical application of 3D visualization in precision surgery for pediatric liver tumors. Conclusion: This consensus will standardize the application of 3D visualization technology in precision surgery for pediatric liver tumors to improve outcomes and reduce risks.