Association Between Nap and Reported Cognitive Function and Role of Sleep Debt: A Population-Based Study

Abstract

Background and Purpose The relationship between napping and cognition remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between napping and cognition according to sleep debt in the Korean adult population. Methods A population-based nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2018. A two-stage stratified random sample of Koreans aged >= 19 years was selected and evaluated using questionnaires by trained interviewers. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mail-In Cognitive Function Screening Instrument (MCFSI). Sleep habits on weekdays and weekends, napping, and subjective sleep requirements were assessed using the questionnaires. Accumulated sleep debt was calculated by subtracting the weekly average sleep duration from subjective sleep requirements. Sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, insomnia, depression, demographics, and comorbidities were assessed. Participants were grouped into those with sleep debt >= 60 min and those with sleep debt >60 min. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate the independent association between the factors and cognition. Results In total, 2,501 participants were included in the analysis. Naps were reported in 726 (29.0%) participants (nappers). The mean MCFSI score was higher in nappers (3.4 +/- 3.6) than in non-nappers (2.3 +/- 3.0) (p<0.001). Multiple linear regression controlling for age, alcohol, smoking, depression, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, and education revealed that 30 to 60 min of napping was associated with worse cognitive function in participants with sleep debts >= 60 min, while >60 min of napping was associated with better cognitive function in participants with sleep debts >60 min. Conclusions In general, naps are associated with worse cognitive function in the Korean adult population. However, for those with sleep debt of >60 min, naps for >60 min were associated with better cognitive function.