한국 간호교육행정의 발전적 고찰

Abstract

[한글]

A Study of Development of Nursing Education Administration in Korea

Shin Young Hong

The Graduate School, Yonsei University

This paper is concerned with nursing education administration in Korea. Related

historical data have been gathered and organized, forming the groundwork for the

reorganization and strengthening of modern nursing.

In carrying out this research, every available resource baa been followed up

including : related literature, printed materials. personal communications, and

personal interviews with individuals in nursing and medical institutions who were

well acquainted with the situation previous to the1950 Korean Conflict.

Following compilation and analysis, all materials have been categorized under the

following headings :

Changes in Systems of Nursing Administration and Nursing Law

The Development of each area of Nursing Service

The Development of Nursing Schools

Improvement of Nursing Education Curriculum

Modern nursing in Korea followed closely on the heels of the conclusion of

friendship treaties first with Japan in 1876 and then with the United States of

America in 1882. While the Japanese were the first to introduce nursing, it was the

direct efforts of western missionary nurses welch actually built the foundation for

the nursing profession in Korea. Indeed, the establishment of nursing schools begun

by missionary nurses marked the beginning of professional education for women and

gave it tremendous impetus.

Development of Nursing in Korea: Two schools of thought influenced the course of

nursing in Korea. On the one hand, foreign missionary nurses taught nursing from

the standpoint of Christian thought, while on the other, Japanese nurses were

influenced by their country's political climate which was oriented towards the

acquisition of political power. Japanese nurses tended to serveonly in government

hospitals, concentrating on the clinical nursing field whereas missionary nurses

who laboured for the enlightenment of women at the same time as spreading the

Gospel, established orphanages and nurseries in both the cities and rural areas

where they carried out maternal and child health care. In these activities and by

the establishment of various organizations for the more active development of our

country's nurses, the misaionary influence on nursing was much greater.

At the end of the Yi Dynasty, health administration in Korea consisted mainly of

preventative medicine, the handling of medical supplies, and vaccination for

smallpox, all of which were under the jurisdiction of the Internal Sanitation

Office. All other matters concerning public sanitation were handled by the Ministry

of Home Affairs.

In 1908 the first law governing nursing and midwifery was enacted, and in 1911,

the regulations for visiting fees for doctors, nurses and midwives were published.

After Liberation in 1945, nursing was represented in the government administrative

setup for the first time in the Bureau of Nursing in the Ministry of Public Health

.and Welfare which worked toward the unification of nursing education and the

improvement of nursing standards. Moreover following the establishment of the

government of the Republic of Korea in August of 1948, the Education Law and the

National Medical Law were promulgated, providing a legal base for the carrying out

of nursing services and the administration of nursing schools. But, in the same

year, the Bureau of Nursing which had been on a par with the Medical Affairs

section, was now pleased under it. This was the first backward step, Since then, in

1970, the Nursing Section has suffered a further setback. having been re-classified

as Chief. Office of Nursing Affairs.

This reduction of its authority by the government has severely hampered the

nursing profession in its efforts to meet the demand for more nurses, to improve

the quality of nursing and to expand medical facilities necessary for the

betterment of the nation's health.

Nursing Education Curriculum : In the development of nursing education, the

government system of nursing education has been closely related to the development

of medical education. In March of 1897, the regulations governing medical education

in government schools were published. Following that, the Kyung Sung Medical School

was founded, and in 1907, in the Tea Han Hospital, three sections were set up for

treatment, education and sanitation. The education section was responsible for the

training of all doctors, pharmacists, nurses and mid-wives. This marked the first

time in Korean history that the legal aspects of the educational system fur nurses

had been established since the regulations governing the nursing educational

program and curriculum together with the medical school attached to the Tae Han

Hospital were all enacted by law together.

In 1903, a missionary nursing school was started by Miss Edmunds, a nurse, and

Dr. Cutler. It was called the Pogunyokwan, School of Nursing. Then in 1906, another

missionary nurse, Miss Shields, founded the nurses training school at Severance

Hospital. This was a model school which admitted students for a provisional period

of six months after which only the ableststudents were selected as candidates for

regular nurse's training. As a result, this school achieved a vary high standard.

After Liberation, the American Military Government, in 1946, issued an order

unifying all educational systems. All nursing education was set at high school

level. In addition, whereas in the Japanese period, nursing and midwifery were

separate courses, after Liberation midwifery was included in the nursing course and

graduates were licensed both as nurses and as midwives.

In 1953, according to the Educational Law, revised by presidential order No.

633(issued in195?), nursing schools throughout the country were now to be called

Nursing Technical High Schools. Then, in 1962, included in the regulation to

governing the establishment of uinuersities, was a further regulation elevating the

status of Nursing Technical High Schools to the level of junior college but with a

three year course instead of the regular two. This action raised the standard of

nursing schools but forced the closure of four of them because of their substandard

facilities. The following year(1963), the Ministry of Education, claiming a need

for such schools in the rural areas, restored the system of Nursing Technical High

Schools, reopened the four which had been closed down, and opened new ones. Again

the standard of nursing education was lowered.

In 1962, the Licence Qualification Examination which allowed those with

experience but no formal training to obtain a licence, was eliminated and in its

place, the National Nursing Examination(RN) was set up, thereby protecting

educational standards and assuring a much higher quality of nurse. Apart from the

raising of the status of nursing schools from high school to junior college level,

the demands of the times and the efforts of leaders in the nursing profession, the

nursing schools themselves played an important part in the advancement of their

standards.

In 1955, the nursing school at Ewha Woman's University became the first to

establish a university level course. The first class of that level graduated in

1959. Yonsei University followed in 1957, granting the first Bachelor of Science in

Nursing degrees in 1958. Thus, by gradual steps, the standard of nursing education

has been raised until now the demand in each branch of the nursing profession is

for graduate school level courses granting a Master's degree. The first school to

establish such a course was Ewha Woman's University in 1960. Yonsei University,

Seoul National University and the Catholic College of Medicine followed soon after,

due to continued efforts to improve standards of nursing education.

However, even though this level of education has been reached, there are several

suggestions arising from this historical study which may be helpful.

1. Adjustments in nursing education administration :

The level of the Nursing Affairs Office in the Ministry of Health and Social

Affairs of the government should be raised. Also, in the Ministry of Education,

while a representative of the nursing profession was finally given a post there in

1967, this position is at such a lowlevel that it is thereby rendered ineffectual.

Because of government regulations, there is a conflict in the process for

obtaining approval for nursing schools, While the Ministry of Education controls

the registration of nursing schools, approval of clinical training facilities and

technical aspects of education is controlled by the Ministry of Health and Social

Affairs. It would seem more efficient to put both th ese items under one approving

authority.

2. Nursing Education System :

The government should be encouraged to recognize and understand the special

nature of the nursing profession. Then it would realize that all high school level

Institutions should be abolished. While the three year diploma course should

remain, the so-called advanced(junior college level) three year course should be

excluded to avoid complication of the system. Schools giving the three year diploma

course should be recognized as regular junior colleges so that graduates may

receive the same treatment. At present, they are only recognized as high school

graduates even though they have completed an extra three years of training.

All candidates for any level of nursing should be required initially to pass the

preliminary university entrance examination. Only those who pass that examination

should be accepted into a nursing school.

3. Nursing Education Curriculum :

Nursing schools at each level should first establish their objectives and then

set their curriculum standards ,according to the bases of nursing science, namely

physical science, biological science and social science. All materials should be

streamlined, eliminating repetitive material. Clinical practice should also avoid

unnecessary repetition. Experience should serve to reinforce basic nursing practice

which requires a knowledge and understanding of the main thcoectical principles.

Teaching methods should involve problem solving and should be conducive to the

practical application of principles already learned.

4. Nursing Law:

Whether a nurse graduates from a three year or a four year course, the national

examimation and licence is the same for both. Furthermore graduates of different

level courses are required to do the same type of work. This does not seem logical

and should be reconsidered.

5. Nursing School Faculty:

There is a shortage of teaching staff as wall as a law level of training.

Up-grading and retraining is essential. To help solve this problem, graduates of

the three year nursing schools (post high school) should be recognized as the

equivalent of junior college graduates and permitted to enter university in the

third year.

Those in charge of graduate school courses should arrange their courses to allow

research in each field of nursing science. In general, nursing school professors

should make use of the winter and summer vacations to establish and teach refresher

coursees for those unable to take formal advanced study. These courses may be used

for the exchange of information gained from meetings and conferences or news of

research from foreign countries. All of this will aid in raising professional

nursing standards in general if it has firm administrative backing and support.

6. Today's Status of Nursing

Advancement in the science of nursing as will as its practical application along

with tremendous social changes have necessitated a re-interpretation of nursing and

its function. Because of this, nurses must start over again to promote a new image.

The scope of research in nursing is endless. Without doing research, nursing

science cannot develop.

Conclusion :

If the above items are carefully considered and the necessary adjustments carried

out, there is hope that nursing will become an art and a science which will truly

serve society.

[영문]

This paper is concerned with nursing education administration in Korea. Related historical data have been gathered and organized, forming the groundwork for the reorganization and strengthening of modern nursing.

In carrying out this research, every available resource baa been followed up including : related literature, printed materials. personal communications, and personal interviews with individuals in nursing and medical institutions who were well acquainted with the situation previous to the1950 Korean Conflict.

Following compilation and analysis, all materials have been categorized under the following headings :

Changes in Systems of Nursing Administration and Nursing Law

The Development of each area of Nursing Service

The Development of Nursing Schools

Improvement of Nursing Education Curriculum

Modern nursing in Korea followed closely on the heels of the conclusion of friendship treaties first with Japan in 1876 and then with the United States of America in 1882. While the Japanese were the first to introduce nursing, it was the

direct efforts of western missionary nurses welch actually built the foundation for the nursing profession in Korea. Indeed, the establishment of nursing schools begun by missionary nurses marked the beginning of professional education for women and

gave it tremendous impetus.

Development of Nursing in Korea: Two schools of thought influenced the course of nursing in Korea. On the one hand, foreign missionary nurses taught nursing from the standpoint of Christian thought, while on the other, Japanese nurses were

influenced by their country's political climate which was oriented towards the acquisition of political power. Japanese nurses tended to serveonly in government hospitals, concentrating on the clinical nursing field whereas missionary nurses who laboured for the enlightenment of women at the same time as spreading the Gospel, established orphanages and nurseries in both the cities and rural areas where they carried out maternal and child health care. In these activities and by the establishment of various organizations for the more active development of our country's nurses, the misaionary influence on nursing was much greater.

At the end of the Yi Dynasty, health administration in Korea consisted mainly of preventative medicine, the handling of medical supplies, and vaccination for smallpox, all of which were under the jurisdiction of the Internal Sanitation Office. All other matters concerning public sanitation were handled by the Ministry of Home Affairs.

In 1908 the first law governing nursing and midwifery was enacted, and in 1911, the regulations for visiting fees for doctors, nurses and midwives were published.

After Liberation in 1945, nursing was represented in the government administrative setup for the first time in the Bureau of Nursing in the Ministry of Public Health.and Welfare which worked toward the unification of nursing education and the

improvement of nursing standards. Moreover following the establishment of the government of the Republic of Korea in August of 1948, the Education Law and the National Medical Law were promulgated, providing a legal base for the carrying out

of nursing services and the administration of nursing schools. But, in the same year, the Bureau of Nursing which had been on a par with the Medical Affairs section, was now pleased under it. This was the first backward step, Since then, in 1970, the Nursing Section has suffered a further setback. having been re-classified as Chief. Office of Nursing Affairs.

This reduction of its authority by the government has severely hampered the nursing profession in its efforts to meet the demand for more nurses, to improve the quality of nursing and to expand medical facilities necessary for the betterment of the nation's health.

Nursing Education Curriculum : In the development of nursing education, the government system of nursing education has been closely related to the development of medical education. In March of 1897, the regulations governing medical education in government schools were published. Following that, the Kyung Sung Medical School was founded, and in 1907, in the Tea Han Hospital, three sections were set up for treatment, education and sanitation. The education section was responsible for the

training of all doctors, pharmacists, nurses and mid-wives. This marked the first time in Korean history that the legal aspects of the educational system fur nurses had been established since the regulations governing the nursing educational program and curriculum together with the medical school attached to the Tae Han Hospital were all enacted by law together.

In 1903, a missionary nursing school was started by Miss Edmunds, a nurse, and Dr. Cutler. It was called the Pogunyokwan, School of Nursing. Then in 1906, another missionary nurse, Miss Shields, founded the nurses training school at Severance Hospital. This was a model school which admitted students for a provisional period of six months after which only the ableststudents were selected as candidates for regular nurse's training. As a result, this school achieved a vary high standard.

After Liberation, the American Military Government, in 1946, issued an order unifying all educational systems. All nursing education was set at high school level. In addition, whereas in the Japanese period, nursing and midwifery were separate courses, after Liberation midwifery was included in thenursing course and

graduates were licensed both as nurses and as midwives.

In 1953, according to the Educational Law, revised by presidential order No. 633(issued in195?), nursing schools throughout the country were now to be called Nursing Technical High Schools. Then, in 1962, included in the regulation to

governing the establishment of uinuersities, was a further regulation elevating the status of Nursing Technical High Schools to the level of junior college but with a three year course instead of the regular two. This action raised the standard of

nursing schools but forced the closure of four of them because of their substandard facilities. The following year(1963), the Ministry of Education, claiming a need for such schools in the rural areas, restored the system of Nursing Technical High

Schools, reopened the four which had been closed down, and opened new ones. Again the standard of nursing education was lowered.

In 1962, the Licence Qualification Examination which allowed those with experience but no formal training to obtain a licence, was eliminated and in its place, the National Nursing Examination(RN) was set up, thereby protecting educational standards and assuring a much higher quality of nurse. Apart from the raising of the status of nursing schools from high school to junior college level, the demands of the times and the efforts of leaders in the nursing profession, the nursing schools themselves played an important part in the advancement of their standards.

In 1955, the nursing school at Ewha Woman's University became the first to establish a university level course. The first class of that level graduated in 1959. Yonsei University followed in 1957, granting the first Bachelor of Science in Nursing degrees in 1958. Thus, by gradual steps, the standard of nursing education has been raised until now the demand in each branch of the nursing profession is for graduate school level courses granting a Master's degree. The first school to establish such a course was Ewha Woman's University in 1960. Yonsei University,

Seoul National University and the Catholic College of Medicine followed soon after, due to continued efforts to improve standards of nursing education.

However, even though this level of education has been reached, there are several suggestions arising from this historical study which may be helpful.

1. Adjustments in nursing education administration :

The level of the Nursing Affairs Office in the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs of the government should be raised. Also, in the Ministry of Education, while a representative of the nursing profession was finally given a post there in 1967, this position is at such a lowlevel that it is thereby rendered ineffectual.

Because of government regulations, there is a conflict in the process for obtaining approval for nursing schools, While the Ministry of Education controls the registration of nursing schools, approval of clinical training facilities and technical aspects of education is controlled by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. It would seem more efficient to put both th ese items under one approving authority.

2. Nursing Education System :

The government should be encouraged to recognize and understand the special nature of the nursing profession. Then it would realize that all high school level Institutions should be abolished. While the three year diploma course should remain, the so-called advanced(junior college level) three year course should be excluded to avoid complication of the system. Schools giving the three year diploma course should be recognized as regular junior colleges so that graduates may receive the same treatment. At present, they are only recognized as high school graduates even though they have completed an extra three years of training.

All candidates for any level of nursing should be required initially to pass the preliminary university entrance examination. Only those who pass that examination should be accepted into a nursing school.

3. Nursing Education Curriculum :

Nursing schools at each level should first establish their objectives and then set their curriculum standards ,according to the bases of nursing science, namely physical science, biological science and social science. All materials should be streamlined, eliminating repetitive material. Clinical practice should also avoid unnecessary repetition. Experience should serve to reinforce basic nursing practice which requires a knowledge and understanding of the main thcoectical principles.

Teaching methods should involve problem solving and should be conducive to the practical application of principles already learned.

4. Nursing Law:

Whether a nurse graduates from a three year or a four year course, the national examimation and licence is the same for both. Furthermore graduates of different level courses are required to do the same type of work. This does not seem logical

and should be reconsidered.

5. Nursing School Faculty:

There is a shortage of teaching staff as wall as a law level of training. Up-grading and retraining is essential. To help solve this problem, graduates of the three year nursing schools (post high school) should be recognized as the equivalent of junior college graduates and permitted to enter university in the

third year.

Those in charge of graduate school courses should arrange their courses to allow research in each field of nursing science. In general, nursing school professors should make use of the winter and summer vacations to establish and teach refresher coursees for those unable to take formal advanced study. These courses may be used for the exchange of information gained from meetings and conferences or news of research from foreign countries. All of this will aid in raising professional nursing standards in general if it has firm administrative backing and support.

6. Today's Status of Nursing

Advancement in the science of nursing as will as its practical application along with tremendous social changes have necessitated a re-interpretation of nursing and its function. Because of this, nurses must start over again to promote a new image.

The scope of research in nursing is endless. Without doing research, nursing science cannot develop.

Conclusion :

If the above items are carefully considered and the necessary adjustments carried out, there is hope that nursing will become an art and a science which will truly serve society.