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임신백서(妊娠白鼠)에서 프로스타글란딘으로 유도된 자궁 및 태반 변화에 대한 Nifedipine의 효과

Other Titles
 (The) effects of nifedipine on the PGE₂-induced uterine and placental changes in the pregnant rat 
Authors
 김규래 
Issue Date
1994
Description
의학과/박사
Abstract
[한글]

조기진통 억제제로써 nifedipine 은 칼슘통로 차단제로 혈증 칼슘농도의 변화없이 평활근 세포막을 통한 칼슘이온의 유입을 선택적으로 차단하여 근섬유세포의 수축을 억제한다. 이 약제가 자궁-태반 혈류량에 미치는 영향에 관하여는 아직 일관된 연구 결과가 없으

며 태반 혈류량의 감소를 초래하지 않는다는 연구 결과와, 이와는 반대로 동물실험에서 산모의 혈압감소, 자궁-태반 혈류 감소, 및 태아의 저산소증을 유발한다는 상반된 연구 결과가 있다. 그러나 태반은 예비용량(reserve capacity)이 매우 큰 장기이므로 혈류량의

감소가 있다하여도 태아의 산소공급에 장애를 초래하는 정도의 심한 산소결핍 상태를 유발하는 지는 혈역학적인 연구방법만으로는 알기 어렵다. 자궁 혈류량의 감소는 태반 영양아 세포의 증식과 영양아세포의 미세현미경적 변화 등, 형태학적 변화을 유발하므로 본

실험에서는 임신 백서에서 자궁 수축을 유발한 후 nifedipine을 투여하여 나타나는 형태학적 변화를 관찰함으로써 그 기전을 연구하고자 하였다.

실험동물로는 체중 300gm 내외의 자성 Sprague-Dawley 백서를 웅성백서와 1:1 의 혼합 사육 후 매일 아침 질 도말을 시행하여 정충이 관찰된 날을 임신 제 1 일로 정하였다. 임신한 자성 백서는 임신 제 14일에 정상 비임신 대조군, 정상 임신 대조군, 프로스타글란

딘(PGE^^2 ) 질정 단독투여군 ( Img/Kg/day), PGE^^2 투여 후 저농도 nifedipine ( 3mg/Kg/day) 경구 투여군, PGE^^2 투여 후 고농도 nifedipine ( 30 mg/Kg/day) 경구 투여군, 저농도 nifedipine 경구 투여군, 그리고 고농도 nifedipine 경구 투여군으로 나누었다.

약물은 임신 제 14일 부터 임신 20일 까지 매일 투여하였고 임신 제 21 일에 ether 마취하에 도살하여 각각의 태자백서 및 태반의 중량을 측정하고 자궁 경부 및 자궁 체부의 조직학적 검색을 시행하였으며, 태반의 영양아 세포의 증식을 객관적으로 관찰하기 위하여 400배 현미경 시야에서 임의로 1 장 씩 사진촬영 한 후 인화하여 영양아 세포의 수를 세어 비교하였다. 또한 영양아 세포의 미세현미경적 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 각군의 태반을 임의로 선택하여 전자현미경적 검색을 시행하였으며, 최종 도살시에 각 군별로 2 마리씩 남겨 복대동맥을 노출시키고 Microfil 2 ml 를 주입한 뒤 통상적인 조직투명화 과정을 거쳐 자궁난소동맥과 그 미세혈관 분지의 변화를 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과론 얻었다.

1. PGE^^2 단독 투여군과 PGE^^2 투여 후 저농도 및 고농도 nftedipine 투여군에서 유산율이나자궁내 태아 흠수율의 외의있는 차이는 없었다.

2. PGE^^2투여 후 저농도 nifedipine 투여군에서 태반 중량은 정상임신에 비해 감소하였으나 태자백서의 체중 감소는 없었으며, PGE^^2 투여 후 고농도 nifedipine 투여군에서는 태자백서의 체중과 태반의 중량은 정상 임신에 비해 모두 감소하였다.

3. PGE^^2 단독 투여군의 80 % 에서 자궁근 수축에 의한 조직학적 소견이 전반적으로 나타났으며, PGE^^2 투여 후 저농도 및 고농도 nifedipine 투여군에서는 근수축이 감소하였으며 이때 nifedipine 의 농도에 따른 근수축 양상의 차이는 관찰할 수 없었다.

4. 자궁경부 결체조직의 변화는 PGE^^2 단독투여 임신군의 86.7 % 에서 나타났으며 이는PGE^^2 투여 후 저농도 nifedipine 투여군보다 PGE^^2 투여 후 고농도 nifedipine 투여군에서 더 의의있게 감소하였다.

5. PGE^^2 단독투여군에서 태반내 영양아세포의 수는 미로를 피복하는 영양아세포와 태반내영양아 세포군 모두가 정상 임신군에 비해 증가하였고, 이 변화는 PGE^^2 투여 후 저농도 niftdipine 투여군에서는 PGE^^2 단독투여군에 비해 의의있게 감소하였으나, PGE^^2 투여 후 고농도 nifedipine 투여군에서는 정상 임신군이나 PGE^^2 단독투여군에 비해 증가하였다.

6. 전자현미경 소견상, 영양아세포는 PGE^^2 단독투여군, PGE^^2 투여 후 고농도 nifedipine 투여군 및 고농도 nifedipine 단독투여군에서 저산소증에 의한 가역적 및 비가역적 세포 손상의 소견을 나타내었으며 PGE^^2 투여후 저농도 nifedipine 투여군에서는 부분적인 가역적 세포손상의 소견만을 나타내었다.

7. Microfil 관류실험으로 자궁난소동맥의 말단 미세혈관의 분지소견은, PGE^^2 단독투여군에서는 미세혈관 분지의 전반적인 수축이 현저히 관찰되었으며, PGE^^2 투여 후 저농도 nifedipine 투여군과 저농도 nifedipine 단독투여군에서는 미새혈관 분지의 국소적인 동맥류성 확장을 보였으나 대체적으로 미세혈관의 변화는 완화되었으며, PGE^^2 투여 후 고농도 nifedipine 투여군에서는 미세혈관 분지의 심한 풍선모양 및 동맥류성 확장을 나타내었다.

이상의 결과를 종합하면, 임신백서에서 PGE^^2에 의한 자궁수축시 저농도 nifedipine 투여는 저산소증에 의한 태반변화없이 자궁수축을 현저히 감소시켰으며 이때 미세혈관은 정상 임신에 비해 경미하고 국소적인 혈관확장만을 나타내는 것으로 보아, 이는 PGE^^2에

의해 자궁근이 수축할 때 나타나는 미세혈관 분지의 microspasm 이 nifedipine 투여로 감소하여 정상자궁-태반 혈류를 유지하기 때문이라고 사료된다.





The effects of nifedipine on the PGE^^2-induced uterine and placental changes in

the pregnant rat



Kyu Rae Kim

Department of Medical Science The Graduate School, Yonsei University

( Directed by Professor In Joon Choi )



Nifedipine, a calcium channel-blocking agent, has emerged as a potentially safer

and better tolerated tocolytic agent It selectively inhibits the inflow of calcium

across the muscle cell membrane, thus inhibits smooth muscle contraction. Fetal

safety of nifedipine, however, was not established because a continuous infusion of

nicardipine significantly decreased utero-placental blood flow and increased the

development of fetal acidosis and possibly hypoxemia in several animal studies. The

untoward side effects of tocolytic agents on the fetus is not easy to verify only

by hemodynamic studies because of a large reserve capacity of the placenta.

Significant changes on the fetus may not appear untilutero-placental blood flow is

significantly reduced. Hypoxia has teen implicated as the cause of the placental

changes, such as trophoblastic prolirerations and ultrastructural changes of the

trophoblasts. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effects of nifedipine

on the morphological changes of the PGE^^2 - induced uterine and placental changes

in the pregnant rat From days 14 to 20 of gestation, nifedipine was administered

orally by nasogastric tube in doses of 3 or 30 mg/kg per day fellowing induction of

labor by PGE^^2 vaginal tablet.

Analysis was performed on day 21 to compare the histologic findings of uterine

corpus and uterine cervix, trophoblastic proliferations, ultrastructural changes of

the trophoblastic cells, and to observe vascular changes of utero-ovarian artery

after infusion of Microfi1.The results are as follows ;

1. There is no significant difference in the fetal absorption rate among the

PGE^^2 labor induction group, the low dose and high dose nifedipine treated group

after PGE^^2 - induction of labor.

2. Body weight of the fetal rat receiving low dose nifedipine after PGE^^2 -

-induction of labor was not significantly different from that of controls, but

placental weight was significantly decreased In contrast bath fetal and placental

weight are decreased in the high dose nifedipine treated group after PGE^^2 -

induction of labor .

3. Histologic findings indicating uterine contraction was observed in 80 % of

PGE^^2 laborinduction group. These findings are decreased when the low dose and

high dose nifedipine are treated after PGE^^2 - induction of labor.

4. Dissolution of co11agen framework in the uterine cervix was observed in 86.7 %

of PGE^^2 labor induction group, and this finding is significantly decreased in the

high dose nifedipine treated group after PGE^^2 - induction of labor.

5, The number of trophoblasts and trophoblastic nests in the labyrinthine region

are significantly increased in the PGE^^2 - labor induction group and in the high

dose nifedipine treated group after PGE^^2 - induction of labor.

6. On electron microscopic findings of the trophoblasts, irreversible and

reversible hypoxic cellular damages are found in PGE^^2 - labor induction group and

in high dose niftdipine treated group after PGE^^2 - induction of labor. However,

only a focal reversible hypoxic cellular damages are found in the low dose

nifedipine treated group after PGE^^2 - induction of labor.

7. Microvascular pattern in the low dose nifedipine treated group after PGE^^2 -

induction of labor showed significant decrease of microvascular contraction of the

utero-ovarian artery that is prominent in the PGE^^2 labor induction group and

showed a focal aneurysmal dilatation. However, high dose nifedipine treatment after

PGE^^2 - induction of labor caused irregular and beaded appearance of utero-ovarian

artery.

In conclusion low dose nifedipine treatment on the PGE^^2 - induced labor

significantly decreased uterine contraction without histologic changes of Placental

hyPoxemia and it may be due to decreasing effect of nifedipine on the microspasm of

utero-ovarian artery induced by PGE^^2

[영문]

Nifedipine, a calcium channel-blocking agent, has emerged as a potentially safer and better tolerated tocolytic agent It selectively inhibits the inflow of calcium across the muscle cell membrane, thus inhibits smooth muscle contraction. Fetal

safety of nifedipine, however, was not established because a continuous infusion of nicardipine significantly decreased utero-placental blood flow and increased the development of fetal acidosis and possibly hypoxemia in several animal studies. The

untoward side effects of tocolytic agents on the fetus is not easy to verify only by hemodynamic studies because of a large reserve capacity of the placenta.

Significant changes on the fetus may not appear untilutero-placental blood flow is significantly reduced. Hypoxia has teen implicated as the cause of the placental changes, such as trophoblastic prolirerations and ultrastructural changes of the

trophoblasts. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effects of nifedipine on the morphological changes of the PGE^^2 - induced uterine and placental changes in the pregnant rat From days 14 to 20 of gestation, nifedipine was administered orally by nasogastric tube in doses of 3 or 30 mg/kg per day fellowing induction of labor by PGE^^2 vaginal tablet.

Analysis was performed on day 21 to compare the histologic findings of uterine corpus and uterine cervix, trophoblastic proliferations, ultrastructural changes of the trophoblastic cells, and to observe vascular changes of utero-ovarian artery

after infusion of Microfi1.The results are as follows ;

1. There is no significant difference in the fetal absorption rate among the PGE^^2 labor induction group, the low dose and high dose nifedipine treated group after PGE^^2 - induction of labor.

2. Body weight of the fetal rat receiving low dose nifedipine after PGE^^2 - -induction of labor was not significantly different from that of controls, but placental weight was significantly decreased In contrast bath fetal and placental

weight are decreased in the high dose nifedipine treated group after PGE^^2 - induction of labor .

3. Histologic findings indicating uterine contraction was observed in 80 % of PGE^^2 laborinduction group. These findings are decreased when the low dose and high dose nifedipine are treated after PGE^^2 - induction of labor.

4. Dissolution of co11agen framework in the uterine cervix was observed in 86.7 % of PGE^^2 labor induction group, and this finding is significantly decreased in the high dose nifedipine treated group after PGE^^2 - induction of labor.

5, The number of trophoblasts and trophoblastic nests in the labyrinthine region are significantly increased in the PGE^^2 - labor induction group and in the high dose nifedipine treated group after PGE^^2 - induction of labor.

6. On electron microscopic findings of the trophoblasts, irreversible and reversible hypoxic cellular damages are found in PGE^^2 - labor induction group and in high dose niftdipine treated group after PGE^^2 - induction of labor. However,

only a focal reversible hypoxic cellular damages are found in the low dose nifedipine treated group after PGE^^2 - induction of labor.

7. Microvascular pattern in the low dose nifedipine treated group after PGE^^2 - induction of labor showed significant decrease of microvascular contraction of the utero-ovarian artery that is prominent in the PGE^^2 labor induction group and

showed a focal aneurysmal dilatation. However, high dose nifedipine treatment after PGE^^2 - induction of labor caused irregular and beaded appearance of utero-ovarian artery.

In conclusion low dose nifedipine treatment on the PGE^^2 - induced labor significantly decreased uterine contraction without histologic changes of Placental hyPoxemia and it may be due to decreasing effect of nifedipine on the microspasm of utero-ovarian artery induced by PGE^^2
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