Phenol motor point block in cerebral palsied children
Authors
한대용
Issue Date
1974
Description
의학과/박사
Abstract
[한글]
Phenol Motor Point Block in Cerebral Palsied Children
Dae Yong Han, M.D.
Department of Medical Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University
(Directed by Prof. In Hee Chung, M.D.)
The relative incidence of cerebral palsy is increasing in comparison with the
incidence of poliomyelitis. Spasticity of the muscle in cerebral palsy is a common
obstacle to rehabilitation.
At present the most useful clinical method to provide persistent and reliable
reduction of spasticity is peripheral muscle release, which has the disadvantage of
causing associated motor weakness and of offering a varying degree of postoperative
morbidity, depending on the soft tissue destruction at surgery. The ideal method of
controlling spasticity would decrease excessive muscle tone permanently without
associated less of motor control ant strength, and without loss of sensation. Such
a method is not available.
Recently several authors haute made efforts to find a better method of spasticity
control without surgery. Maher(1957) first described the use of intrathecal phenols
to relieve spasticity. This method was further developed by Nathan (1959) and Kelly
and Gautier-Smith(1959).
Peripheral nerve block with dilute phenol in the management of spastic patients
was reported by Khalili et al. (1964), Khalili and Benton(1966), Khalili and
Betts(1967), Katz et al. (1967), Meelhuysen et al. (1968), Mooney et al. (1969),
Awad(1972), and Braun et al. (1972, 1973). They observed relief of spasticity from
weeks to months with occasional complications.
Rushworth (1960) reported the effects of procaine intramuscularly applied motor
points, and described diminution of stretch reflexes and other phenomena related to
spasticity. Tardieu and Hariga (1964) made an attempt to obtain a greater
prolongation of the effect from injection of dilute alcohol solutions into motor
points by the conventionally described method using electrical stimulation
equipment.
Cain et al. (1966) have done phenol motor point block for spasticity with
satisfactory results and have not observed denervation potentials on
electromyographic study after the phenol block. Halpern and Meelhuysen(1966)
reported phenol motor point block in the management of muscular hypertonia and they
observed satisfactory reduction of spasticity, but they found denervation patterns
on electromyography after the phenol block. DeLateur(1972) described a new
technique of end-plate block and small intramuscular nerve block with dilute
phenol. There is no report concerning the relationship between quality and duration
of effects and the number of blocked motor points, and between quality and duration
of effects and amount of phenol used.
Therefore we studied the clinical effect of phenol motor paint block, made a
comparison between phenol motor point block and phenol peripheral nerve block, and
attempted to clarify electromyographic findings in spastic cerebral palsied
children.
In this studs twenty spastic cerebral palsied children who had no soft tissue
contracture and bony deformity were selected from Severance Hospital and Sam Yook
Rehabilitation Center. Motor point block with 5% phenol was done in 48 muscles of
14 patients and 12 obturator nerve block in mix patients. Blocked muscles were 28
triceps surge, nine hip adductors, eight hamstrings, and three posterior tibials.
All patients were examined to grade the degree of spasticity before and after the
block by the author and the same physiotherapist, who then observed the effect of
the block and analysed the quality of reduction of spasticity compared with time
interval, weekly up to two months and then every month, for one year.
Electromyographic study accompanied these clinical observations each time to show
any changes In pre-and postblock stages. Instruments used in this study were the
Hewlett Packard Model 1510 A Electromyographic Machine, Hewlett Packard Model 197 A
Scope Camera, Variable Pulse Generator & Chronaxie Meter, TECA Model CH-3, and
Hypodermic Needle Elextrode, TECA HY 75P.
Results were classified as "good" when relaxation was considered to be moderate
to complete, and function was improved to permit walking better than in the
preblock stage or to enable the effective application of brace or training
procedures. A result was classified as "fair" if relaxation of tone was mild to
moderate and/or function partially improved. The grade "poor" was applied to those
results in which diminution of tone was minimal to absent and/or functional
improvement was not significant.
Results of analysis were as fellows:
1. Phenol motor point block.
1) Quality of effect:
Effect immediately after block was good in 18 muscles (37.5%), fair in 16
(33.3%), and poor in 14(29.2%), Thus an overall satisfactory result was obtained in
34 muscles(70.8%).
2) Duration of effect of good or fair results:
(Effects terminated within three months in 16 muscles(47.0%), three to six months
in nine (26.5%), six to nine months in seven(20.6%), and over nine months in
two(5.9%). Effects have persisted over six months in nine muscles(26.5%) among 34.
3) Relationship between quality and duration of effect of good or fair results:
Effects terminated within mix months in ten muscles(55.6%) and have persisted
over six months in eight(44.4%) among 18 of the good results. Effect terminated
within three months in 11 muscles(68.8%) and persisted from three months to six
months in five(31.2%) among 16 of the fair results.
4) Relationship between effect and number of blocked motor points:
Number of blocked motor points per muscle was 6.35±0.39 in the good results,
4.38±0.25 in the fair, and 6.00±0.44 in the poor. Average number of blocked motor
point per muscle was 5.70±0.25. There is no significant relationship between the
effect and number of blocked motor points.
5) Relationship between effect and amount of phenol used:
Amount of phenol used per muscle was 0.75±0.05m1. in the good results,
0.61±0.04 in the fair, and 0.72±0.06 in the poor. Average amount of phenol used
per muscle was 0.70±0.03ml. There is no significant relationship between effect
and amount of phenol used.
2. Phenol obturator nerve block.
1) Quality of effect:
Immediately after block results in airs nerves(50.0%) were good, five(41.7%) were
fair, and one(8.3%) was poor. Satisfactory results were obtained in 91.7% of twelve
obturator nerves.
2) Duration of effect:
Effect terminated within one months in four nerves(36%), one to three months in
four nerves(36%), and three to six months in three nerves(24%) among eleven nerves
of good or fair results.
3) Amount of phenol used:
0.1 to 0.2ml. of 5% phenol was sufficient to block the obturator nerves.
3. Electromyographic findings.
1) Phenol motor point block:
There was evidence of partial denervation in blocked muscle, which appeared from
two to four weeks after block. No more denervation potentials were found six months
after block. Many polyphasic potentials suggesting reinnervation of blocked muscle
began to be noted two months after block. After eight months, polyphasic potentials
could not be found.
2) Phenol obturator nerve block:
Electromyographic findings were very similar to those of the phenol motor point
block.
The results are summarized as fellows:
1. Satisfactory reduction of spasticity was obtained in 34(70.8%) out of 48
muscles by phenol motor point block. The effects have persisted over six months in
nine muscles(26.5%).
2. An average of 5.6 motor points was blocked in muscle, using an average of
0.70ml. of 5% phenol in each muscle. There is no significant relationship between
effect and number of motor point blocks, or between effect and amount of phenol
used.
3. When the immediate results were better, the effects lasted longer. In the
group of good results, effects have persisted over six months in eight out of ten
muscles, but the effects terminated within six months in all muscles with fair
results.
4. Satisfactory reduction of spasticity was obtained in 11 out of 12 obturator
nerve block. The effects of nerve block have lasted up to six months in all and
duration of effects was shorter than that of motor point block.
5. Electromyographic studies have revealed partial denervation after the phenol
motor point block and nerve block.
On the basis of these results, it may be valuable to perform the phenol block
prior to tendon transference in spastic patients, since planning how to balance
spastic muscles is difficult because the strength of individual muscles are hard to
determine. The relief of spasticity may also be valuable to retard contracture
formation, facilitate nursing care and allow self-ranging exercise and training
programs to be taught.
[영문]
The relative incidence of cerebral palsy is increasing in comparison with the incidence of poliomyelitis. Spasticity of the muscle in cerebral palsy is a common obstacle to rehabilitation.
At present the most useful clinical method to provide persistent and reliable reduction of spasticity is peripheral muscle release, which has the disadvantage of causing associated motor weakness and of offering a varying degree of postoperative
morbidity, depending on the soft tissue destruction at surgery. The ideal method of controlling spasticity would decrease excessive muscle tone permanently without associated less of motor control ant strength, and without loss of sensation. Such
a method is not available.
Recently several authors haute made efforts to find a better method of spasticity control without surgery. Maher(1957) first described the use of intrathecal phenols to relieve spasticity. This method was further developed by Nathan (1959) and Kelly
and Gautier-Smith(1959).
Peripheral nerve block with dilute phenol in the management of spastic patients was reported by Khalili et al. (1964), Khalili and Benton(1966), Khalili and Betts(1967), Katz et al. (1967), Meelhuysen et al. (1968), Mooney et al. (1969), Awad(1972), and Braun et al. (1972, 1973). They observed relief of spasticity from weeks to months with occasional complications.
Rushworth (1960) reported the effects of procaine intramuscularly applied motor points, and described diminution of stretch reflexes and other phenomena related to spasticity. Tardieu and Hariga (1964) made an attempt to obtain a greater
prolongation of the effect from injection of dilute alcohol solutions into motor points by the conventionally described method using electrical stimulation equipment.
Cain et al. (1966) have done phenol motor point block for spasticity with satisfactory results and have not observed denervation potentials on electromyographic study after the phenol block. Halpern and Meelhuysen(1966) reported phenol motor point block in the management of muscular hypertonia and they
observed satisfactory reduction of spasticity, but they found denervation patterns on electromyography after the phenol block. DeLateur(1972) described a new technique of end-plate block and small intramuscular nerve block with dilute phenol. There is no report concerning the relationship between quality and duration
of effects and the number of blocked motor points, and between quality and duration of effects and amount of phenol used.
Therefore we studied the clinical effect of phenol motor paint block, made a comparison between phenol motor point block and phenol peripheral nerve block, and attempted to clarify electromyographic findings in spastic cerebral palsied
children.
In this studs twenty spastic cerebral palsied children who had no soft tissue contracture and bony deformity were selected from Severance Hospital and Sam Yook Rehabilitation Center. Motor point block with 5% phenol was done in 48 muscles of 14 patients and 12 obturator nerve block in mix patients. Blocked muscles were 28 triceps surge, nine hip adductors, eight hamstrings, and three posterior tibials.
All patients were examined to grade the degree of spasticity before and after the block by the author and the same physiotherapist, who then observed the effect of the block and analysed the quality of reduction of spasticity compared with time interval, weekly up to two months and then every month, for one year. Electromyographic study accompanied these clinical observations each time to show any changes In pre-and postblock stages. Instruments used in this study were the Hewlett Packard Model 1510 A Electromyographic Machine, Hewlett Packard Model 197 A
Scope Camera, Variable Pulse Generator & Chronaxie Meter, TECA Model CH-3, and Hypodermic Needle Elextrode, TECA HY 75P.
Results were classified as "good" when relaxation was considered to be moderate to complete, and function was improved to permit walking better than in the preblock stage or to enable the effective application of brace or training procedures. A result was classified as "fair" if relaxation of tone was mild to
moderate and/or function partially improved. The grade "poor" was applied to those results in which diminution of tone was minimal to absent and/or functional improvement was not significant.
Results of analysis were as fellows:
1. Phenol motor point block.
1) Quality of effect:
Effect immediately after block was good in 18 muscles (37.5%), fair in 16(33.3%), and poor in 14(29.2%), Thus an overall satisfactory result was obtained in 34 muscles(70.8%).
2) Duration of effect of good or fair results:
(Effects terminated within three months in 16 muscles(47.0%), three to six months in nine (26.5%), six to nine months in seven(20.6%), and over nine months in two(5.9%). Effects have persisted over six months in nine muscles(26.5%) among 34.
3) Relationship between quality and duration of effect of good or fair results:
Effects terminated within mix months in ten muscles(55.6%) and have persisted over six months in eight(44.4%) among 18 of the good results. Effect terminated within three months in 11 muscles(68.8%) and persisted from three months to six months in five(31.2%) among 16 of the fair results.
4) Relationship between effect and number of blocked motor points:
Number of blocked motor points per muscle was 6.35±0.39 in the good results, 4.38±0.25 in the fair, and 6.00±0.44 in the poor. Average number of blocked motor point per muscle was 5.70±0.25. There is no significant relationship between the effect and number of blocked motor points.
5) Relationship between effect and amount of phenol used:
Amount of phenol used per muscle was 0.75±0.05m1. in the good results, 0.61±0.04 in the fair, and 0.72±0.06 in the poor. Average amount of phenol used per muscle was 0.70±0.03ml. There is no significant relationship between effect and amount of phenol used.
2. Phenol obturator nerve block.
1) Quality of effect:
Immediately after block results in airs nerves(50.0%) were good, five(41.7%) were fair, and one(8.3%) was poor. Satisfactory results were obtained in 91.7% of twelve obturator nerves.
2) Duration of effect:
Effect terminated within one months in four nerves(36%), one to three months in four nerves(36%), and three to six months in three nerves(24%) among eleven nerves of good or fair results.
3) Amount of phenol used:
0.1 to 0.2ml. of 5% phenol was sufficient to block the obturator nerves.
3. Electromyographic findings.
1) Phenol motor point block:
There was evidence of partial denervation in blocked muscle, which appeared from two to four weeks after block. No more denervation potentials were found six months after block. Many polyphasic potentials suggesting reinnervation of blocked muscle
began to be noted two months after block. After eight months, polyphasic potentials could not be found.
2) Phenol obturator nerve block:
Electromyographic findings were very similar to those of the phenol motor point block.
The results are summarized as fellows:
1. Satisfactory reduction of spasticity was obtained in 34(70.8%) out of 48 muscles by phenol motor point block. The effects have persisted over six months in nine muscles(26.5%).
2. An average of 5.6 motor points was blocked in muscle, using an average of 0.70ml. of 5% phenol in each muscle. There is no significant relationship between effect and number of motor point blocks, or between effect and amount of phenol used.
3. When the immediate results were better, the effects lasted longer. In the group of good results, effects have persisted over six months in eight out of ten muscles, but the effects terminated within six months in all muscles with fair results.
4. Satisfactory reduction of spasticity was obtained in 11 out of 12 obturator nerve block. The effects of nerve block have lasted up to six months in all and duration of effects was shorter than that of motor point block.
5. Electromyographic studies have revealed partial denervation after the phenol motor point block and nerve block.
On the basis of these results, it may be valuable to perform the phenol block prior to tendon transference in spastic patients, since planning how to balance spastic muscles is difficult because the strength of individual muscles are hard to
determine. The relief of spasticity may also be valuable to retard contracture formation, facilitate nursing care and allow self-ranging exercise and training programs to be taught.