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Clinical Implications of Sterilization Methods Applied to 3D-Printed Implant Surgical Guides: An In Vitro Study

2026-04-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Clinical Implications of Sterilization Methods Applied to 3D-Printed Implant Surgical Guides: An In Vitro Study Authors: Go, Hye-Bin; Kim, Gi-Tae; Yu, Jae-Hun; Yoon, Youngjae; Kwon, Jae-Sung Abstract: Introduction and aims: This in vitro study evaluated how 3 sterilization methods-autoclaving, ethylene oxide (EO) gas, and hydrogen peroxide gas plasma-affect the mechanical, physical, and dimensional properties of 3-dimensional (3D) printed implant surgical guides. These techniques are widely used in dental practice but differ in mechanism and limitations. Methods: Twenty specimens were fabricated using a digital light processing printer and divided into 4 groups (n = 5): non-sterilized control, autoclaving (121 degrees C, 15 minutes), EO gas (55 degrees C, 60 minutes), and hydrogen peroxide gas plasma (<57 degrees C, 18 minutes). Mechanical tests evaluated flexural strength, modulus, and Shore D hardness while translucency and dimensional stability were also assessed. Shape deviation and implant positioning accuracy were compared before and after sterilization. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: All sterilized groups maintained internal fit deviations within clinically acceptable tolerance (+/- 120 mu m), showing no significant differences in overall dimensional accuracy. Implant placement precision was preserved, with implant-tooth distances >= 2 mm. EO sterilization significantly increased the flexural strength (122.49 +/- 10.10 MPa) and modulus (3477 +/- 161 MPa) compared with controls whereas autoclaving showed the lowest strength (92.40 +/- 15.06 MPa). Shore D hardness exceeded 90 HS in all groups, with autoclaving producing the highest values. Only EO treatment significantly reduced translucency. Conclusion: Sterilization method influenced the mechanical and optical properties of 3Dprinted surgical guides without compromising dimensional accuracy. (c) 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of FDI World Dental Federation. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Development of a bioactive hydroxyapatite concentration gradient double hydroxyapatite/titanium dioxide coating on TiO2 core block bone

2026-04-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Development of a bioactive hydroxyapatite concentration gradient double hydroxyapatite/titanium dioxide coating on TiO2 core block bone Authors: Cho, Sang-Hyun; Lee, Min-Yong; Kim, Ji-Eun; Kwon, Jae-Sung Abstract: There is an increasing demand for bone graft procedures to create sufficient bone volume for implant fixture placement. Among various techniques, block bone grafting is considered a favorable option for both horizontal and vertical augmentation. To meet the required physical and biological characteristics, a novel hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated titanium dioxide (TiO2) core block bone was developed in this study. The coating layer was designed with an HA concentration gradient to achieve superior compressive strength and wear resistance. The concentration gradient was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersed X-ray spectroscopy, and coating stability was demonstrated through scratch testing. Furthermore, alizarin red S staining revealed that the HA gradient layer retained bone formation compared to a single-layer HA coating. Taken together, the developed doubled-layered HA gradient TiO2 block bone shows strong potential as a substitute for conventional block bone grafts.

Calcium silicate cement with phosphate-based glass for enhanced osteogenic activity and mechanical strength

2026-04-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Calcium silicate cement with phosphate-based glass for enhanced osteogenic activity and mechanical strength Authors: Ryu, Jeong-Hyun; Byun, Sung-Yun; Mangal, Utkarsh; Kim, Jae-Hyung; Yoo, Jaeyong; Kim, Ki Woo; Kwon, Jae-Sung; Choi, Sung-Hwan Abstract: Objectives To investigate the effects of incorporating a phosphate-based glass (PBG) into Endocem MTA, a calcium silicate cement (CSC) material, on its physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties. Materials and methods Physicochemical and mechanical properties, including setting time, compressive strength, X-ray diffraction (XRD), pH, and calcium and phosphorus ions release, were evaluated. Biological responses were assessed using pre-osteoblastic cells, including cell proliferation, osteogenic gene expression, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, and biomineralization (Alizarin Red S staining) for Endocem MTA with 1 or 3 wt% PBG. Results Incorporation of 3 wt% PBG into CSC (CSP3) resulted in an approximately 15% longer setting time (p < 0.01) and 51.3% less compressive strength after immersion in deionized water (p < 0.001). Brushite was detected in the CSP3 group due to the reaction between calcium and phosphate ions. All three groups maintained an alkaline environment. The CSP3 had significantly higher phosphate ion release (p < 0.001) but 1 wt% PBG into CSC (CSP1) had better cytocompatibility and enhanced osteogenic differentiation, as evidenced by the upregulation of osteogenic markers, increased ALP activity, and greater calcium deposition compared with the CSC group (p < 0.01). Conclusion Incorporation of 1 wt% PBG into a CSC product enhanced osteogenic activity without significantly compromising its physicochemical and mechanical properties. Clinical relevance The addition of 1 wt% PBG into Endocem MTA may improve osteogenic potential without compromising handling or mechanical performance, supporting its clinical application in endodontic treatments.

Evaluation of blue-light model scanner trueness, precision, and surface detail reproduction with different rubber impression material colors

2026-03-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Evaluation of blue-light model scanner trueness, precision, and surface detail reproduction with different rubber impression material colors Authors: Seo, Kyoungjin; Cai, Hongxin; Shin, Seung-Ho; Choi, Ji-Won; Seo, Young-Bin; Kim, Jong-Eun; Kim, Kwang-Man; Jiang, Heng Bo; Kwon, Jae-Sung Abstract: Objective Although the accuracy of scanning technologies has been extensively explored, a research gap still exists concerning the scanning results of dental impression materials, particularly regarding their color and gloss characteristics. This study aims to evaluate and compare the scanning capabilities of blue-light scanners for various dental impression materials characterized by different colors and gloss levels. Methods Blue (B), green (G), red (R), and yellow (Y) dental impression materials were selected for this study. Colorimetric analyses were conducted using a spectrophotometer. The gloss levels of the samples were quantified using a gloss meter. The accuracy and surface detail reproduction of a blue-light scanner were analyzed by scanning impression materials in four different colors. The four-unit crown-bridge model for accuracy analysis was based on International Standardization Organization (ISO) standard 12836. The data measured by the coordinate measuring machine (CMM) served as the gold standard and were used for parameter comparison (height, angle, and distance) and 3D fitting with the scanned files. Results Surface detail reproduction analyses revealed significant differences among the various groups. Notably, Group B consistently demonstrated superior scanning accuracy across all measurements, indicating its effectiveness as a dental impression material in blue-light scanning applications. Significant differences were observed in the rate of surface detail, angle parameters, and corner height across the various groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, the root-mean-square error values pertaining to trueness exhibited significant disparities in all the specimens (p < 0.05). Significance. The absence of significant gloss differences across all color variations indicates that color should be evaluated alongside other critical factors when employing blue-light scanners for measurement accuracy.