20세기 전반 北京의 都市空間과 衛生 -空間의 再編과 龜裂을 중심으로

Abstract

Beijing was transformed from traditional urban to modern urban space after the 1911 Revolution. Although the failure of the monarchy’s revival by Yuan Shi-kai (1859-1916) and the rise of warlordism sent Beijing into confusion, the Beijing metropolitan government had carried out the urgent problems of urban building and space reorganization since 1910s. The medical missionaries tried to reach the spatialization of disease and body through the classification of diseases and statistics, but they could not reorganize residential and daily living spaces in late 19th century China. In 1914, the unicipal Council (Jingdu Shizhenggongsuo) remained in charge of the city’s public works and shared administrative responsibilities with the Police Board (Jingshi Jingchating). However, the Municipal Council and the Police Board could not advance beyond a rudimentary level of space administration. The spatialization of modern medicine was later tried by John B. Grant (1890-1962) and Huang Zi-fang (1899-1940), professors in the department of preventive medicine of the Peking Union Medical College in the 1920s. Grant and Huang calculated disease through the classification of diseases, life statistics, and the cause of death, and they reorganized urban space through the health district office (Weishengqu Shiwusuo). They established the first health district office in the Inner 1st District in 1925, which took charge of life statistics, health education, environmental health, and administration of childbirth, death, and infectious disease. As a result, the 1st Inner District experienced population growth, the decrease of infant mortality, the strength of body administration, and improvement in health. Beijing (Nothern Capital in Chinese) was called Beiping (Northern Peace in Chinese) from 1368 to 1403, from 1928 to 1937, and from 1945 to 1949, when the Chinese capital was at Nanjing, or “Southern Capital”. The Beiping municipality (1928-1937) supported the health district office for space reorganization, starting in 1928. Dr. Huang Zi-fang was appointed the first director of the health bureau under the Beiping municipality. He practiced his plan of State Medicine (Yixue Guojiahua), focusing on the health district office. The second health district office was established in the 2nd Inner District in 1933, the third in the 3rd Inner District in 1934, and the fourth in the 4th Inner District in 1935. The health administration of the health district office represented the spatialization of modern medicine. The office mobilized medical doctors, nurses, midwives, statistics inspectors, health patrollers, and social welfare workers, and such innovation led to the improvement of health and hygiene in the Inner District of Beiping. After the Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the health district office was no longer expanding to the Outer District. The Japanese occupation authorities kept the existing office and remodeled the Commoner Hospital (Pingmin Yiyuan) as the health district office in the Suburban District. Traditional and folk medicine wielded strong influence over the Outer District, where western medicine was insignificant, relatively speaking. The 5th Outer District especially symbolized Commoner Culture, represented by the Tianqiao District. Tianqiao was the main commercial district in Beijing and had various facilities, such as medical surgeries, restaurants, and performance and entertainment spaces. Tianqiao became the big capital and had much manual industry, theater, and street performance; there was traditionalism in Beijing and locality in provincials. The Beijing municipality that focused on the Municipal Hospital (Shimin Yiyuan) included Western and Chinese medicine in Tianqiao. However, drug selling was the most popular occupation in Tianqiao. Sellers performed street shows and sold cheap and safe drugs to common people. Shamans, pyromancers, drug sellers, and folk medicine men had great power in the Outer District of Beijing. Space control in modern medicine in Beijing was focused in the health demonstration office, which started and developed from the mid-1920s. While the Inner District was expanded into modern medicine, the Outer District experienced the rupture of and resistance to modern medicine in the 1930s and 1940s. The overall control of urban space, including the Inner, Outer, and Suburban Districts, focused on health centers, which were realized after the New China of 1949.